Transcript Asia Migrations, 1300-1750 Conquests of western Europeans and central

Asia Migrations, 1300-1750
Conquests of western Europeans and central
Asians show remarkable similarities
Occur at the same time
Traveled equally vast distances
Were ruthless in conquest
Sought to impose their own culture on others
Asia Migrations, 1300-1750
Differences in western European and
central Asian conquests
Defeated Asians did not suffer diseases
that swept away populations in the
Americas
Asians had limits on their ability to impose
culture
Asian empires in decline by 18th century
Asia Migrations, 1300-1750
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1700
Rise of Ottomans paralleled rise of Spain
Turks rely on gazis, sufis and janissaries
Move into Europe by early 1500s
Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)
reached gates of Vienna
Population grew from 12-13 million in 1520
to 60-70 million in 1600
Asia Migrations, 1300-1750
India: The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707
Mughals begin invasion of India in 1526
Are a combination of Mongols & Turks
Major success under Akbar (r. 1556-1605),
India’s greatest ruler
Ruthless, he massacred entire population
of 30,00- at Chitor in 1568
Based taxes on thorough survey of
resources
Asia Migrations, 1300-1750
India: The Mughal Empire [cont.]
Tempered conquest of India with conciliation of
Hindu population
Proclaimed personal religion of Din-I-Ilahi that
combined Islam, Hinduism and Parsi
Became respected emperor of all Hindustan
Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) squandered the
achievements and ended reign with Mughals in
weakened position
Asia Migrations, 1300-1750
Safavid Persia, 1400-1700
Mongols & Turks devastated and repopulated
Persia in 13th century
Timur the Lame (r. 1336-1405) extended Mongol
rule from Turkey through N. India
Called Safavid, followers of Shaykh Safi al-Din
Shah Abbas (1588-16290 brought in western
technology to try to hold on to power
Asia Migrations, 1300-1750
China: Ming & Manchu Dynasties
Mongol (Yuan) dynasty, 1271-1368
Followed by Ming who try to accommodate
Mongols to the north
Invasions in 1644 bring Qing dynasty
(Manchurians) to power (last until 1911)
Qing expand Chinese borders
Population sustained by crops from Americas
Global Population Growth and Movement
Population growth is result & cause of social
change
European population tripled, 1000-1700
Slave trade reduced African population
Native American population decimated
Europeans flood outside world, 1820-1930.
European growth is fastest in history
Cities and Demographics
Delhi/Shahjahanabad
Each Mughal emperor build own capital city
Akbar’s grandson rebuilt Delhi as Shahjahanabad;
population reached 2 million
Religious, military and administrative center
Had the appearance of “nomadic court” with “tents
of stone”
Cities and Demographics
Isfahan (Iran)
Became capital in 1598
Had 2 1/2 mile walkway & large public
square
Major center for craftsmanship
Shah Abbas opposed Ottomans and
tolerated European religious groups
Powerful neighbors insured that empire
was militarized
Cities and Demographics
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Had been capital of much-reduced
Byzantine Empire and became capital of
Ottoman Empire
A conurbation three major segments
Braudel calls Istanbul the prototype of later
European capitals
Became economic backwater with shift of
trade to the Atlantic
Cities and Demographics
London
London grew as these other cities declined
(approximately 1700)
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London’s growth promoted national market
Stimulated agricultural production
Developed use of coal
Created new commercial instruments
Increased productivity and purchasing power
Cities and Demographics
London [cont.]
High immigration and death rates kept
English population growth low
London’s growth stimulated new ideas
about economics and its importance
London avoided the parasitism that often
plagued imperial capitals
Migration and Demography
Demography helps explain patterns in history
Growth of “New Europes”
Re-evaluation of slave trade
Comparison of Mongol-Turkic and European
patterns
Compared political and trade oriented capitals
Migration issues continue today
Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade
Fear of Haiti-style revolts leads British
to abolish slavery, 1807
U. S. abolished international slave trade
in 1808 but retains slavery until Civil
War
Slavery abolished in Puerto Rico, 1876,
in Cuba, 1886, & in Brazil, 1888