Transcript The Louisiana Purchase 10, 2 Chapter

The Louisiana Purchase
Chapter
10,
Section
2
Control of the Mississippi
• By 1800, nearly 1,000,000 Americans lived
between the Appalachian Mountains and
the Mississippi. Most were farmers.
• With few roads in the area, they relied on
the Mississippi River to transport their
goods.
Control of the Mississippi
• They sent their goods down
the Mississippi to the city of
New Orleans.
• From there, larger ships
carried them up the Atlantic
coast to large cities.
• Spain controlled New
Orleans, and often
threatened to close the port
to Americans.
The Pinckney Treaty
• In 1795, President
Washington sent
Thomas Pinckney to
find a way to keep the
port open to Americans.
• In the Pinckney Treaty,
Spain agreed to let
Americans ship their
goods down the
Mississippi and store
them in New Orleans.
A French Empire
• However, in 1800, Spain
gave Louisiana back to
France.
• President Jefferson
suspected that Napoleon
was building an American
empire and decided to
make an offer to buy New
Orleans.
The Pinckney Treaty
• Luckily, Napoleon gave up
on an American empire
when a revolution in the
Caribbean made Haiti
independent of the French.
• Jefferson sent James
Monroe and Robert
Livingston to France to buy
New Orleans and Florida
with the offer of $10
million.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon decided to
abandon the Caribbean
and sell Louisiana to
fund his costly
European wars.
• Monroe and Livingston
agreed to buy the
Louisiana Purchase
from France for $15
million.
Robert Livingston
Was the Purchase Constitutional?
• Jefferson was cheerful with the
deal, but not certain if the
president had the
constitutional power to buy the
land.
• However, the purchase was
too good to pass up.
• Congress approved the land
deal in 1803, doubling the size
of the United States.
Planning an Expedition
• Jefferson immediately
prepared a team to explore the
new lands, choosing Lewis and
Clark to lead.
• “The object of your mission is
to explore the Missouri river,
and such principal streams of it
as by its course and
communication with the waters
of the Pacific ocean…”
Thomas Jefferson, 1803
The Purposes of the
Expedition
• Military – Most members were soldiers.
• Exploratory – To explore the new borders of US
and discover new wonders in the west.
• Trade – Discovering an all-water route across the
continent would provide a more direct trading route
with India and China.
• Scientific – To classify new species of plants and
wildlife and study western geology.
• Tribal Relations – To meet Native tribes and begin
trading relations.
The Journey Begins (1804)
• The Corps set out from Camp Dubois and up the
Missouri on May 14, 1804. However, the first year of
the voyage was a tough one.
• Several of the men had attempted desertion and
others had been flogged for inappropriate behavior.
• Sergeant Floyd died of a ruptured appendix in Iowa.
• In September, an argument between the expedition
and the Teton Sioux nearly ended in a battle.
•
A
Bittersweet •
Winter
The winter of 1804-5 was
extremely cold.
Lewis and Clark studied the land
to the west from the Hidatsa and
explorers in the Mandan
villages.
• Here they also hired
Charbonneau and his wife
Sacagawea, who had her child
Pomp that winter.
• As a woman with a child,
Sacagawea made the expedition
look less like a war party to
tribes along the way. She was
also an interpreter, healer and
sometimes a guide.
On the Road Again (1805)
At The Great Falls a
• That spring many of theGrizzly
men left
backuphome,
snuck
on
taking specimens with them.
Lewis The
whileremaining
his rifle 33
members moved on up the
Missouri.
was
unloaded.
• In April they entered Montana,
passing
by the
Lewis ran
away into
White Cliffs and Decision
the men
thePoint,
river where
and used
nearly mutinied.
his espontoon to
ward
the bear.
• They were shocked by all
the off
wildlife,
and
finally saw a grizzly, or “White Bear” for the first
time.
The Corps Moves On
• Once reaching the Great Falls, the Corps spent
a month portaging around the falls.
• Clark scouted ahead through the Gates of the
Mountain and found the Three Forks in late
July. Sacagawea recognized the country from
her youth to the Corps delight.
• They followed the Jefferson river, which soon
forked, and the party followed the Beaverhead
River.
• After a time Sacagawea recognized another
landmark – Beaverhead Rock – they were in
the Shoshone’s territory.
More Help from Tribes
• Lewis finally reached the source of the Missouri at
Lemhi pass, but realized that he would need help
crossing the endless mountains.
• Luckily, he established good relations with 3 tribes
in the Rocky Mountains:
– The Shoshone, Sacagawea’s tribe, shared horses and
guides.
– The Salish fed and clothed the Corps for a week before
the expedition crossed Lolo pass.
– The Nez Pierce nursed the men back to health after
they had nearly starved and froze to death in the Rocky
Mountains.
The Ocean
at Last!
• The Corps raced down the
Colombia River, finally
reaching the ocean just
before the winter.
• They quickly built Fort
Clatsop, named for the local
Indians, in modern-day
Astoria.
• In the spring, they returned
along the same path,
meeting most the same
tribes along the way.
• The party split in Lolo and
explored new paths in
Montana.
The Separation
• Clark and the majority of the party headed south
across Bozeman Pass to explore the
Near present-day
Yellowstone River.
Billings Clark signed
namelooked
in a hugefor the Crow tribe,
• Along the wayhisthey
pillar he named
but never sawrock
them.
However, all of their
for Sacagawea’s son,
horses were taken
by the Crow in only two
Pomp. Pompey’s
Pillar is the only
nights!
physical sign left
• Lewis took a shortcut
to the Great Falls and
behind by the
expedition that
can
roamed into Blackfeet
country,
where he and his
still be seen today.
men fought with (and killed) two young
Blackfeet men, then raced back to meet Clark.
Reunited
• Lewis finally caught up to Clark in early August
near the confluence of the Missouri and
Yellowstone.
• The captains dropped off Sacagawea, Pomp
and Charbonneau at the Mandan Villages, as
well as John Colter, who wished to stay and
become a mountain man.
• They were not safe yet though, as Cruzatte
proved when he shot Lewis in the butt after
mistaking him for an elk!
The Swift Ride Home (1806)
• Now headed downstream again in
August, the party moved about 70 miles
a day (instead of 10 to 20 upstream.)
• Finally, on September 23rd – almost three
full years after they set out – Lewis and
Clark returned to St. Louis.
• One man claimed it was as if they had
just returned from the moon!
The Entire Journey
The Legacy of
Explorers
• Zebulon Pike was another
explorer, who journeyed
along the Mississippi River
and into Colorado and New
Mexico.
• He was arrested by the
Spanish, however, and sent
back to the U.S.
• The Journeys of Pike and
Lewis and Clark excited
Americans, but pioneers did
not immediately settle these
western lands.
Threats from Overseas
Chapter 10, Section 3
Setting the Scene
Four
American
who had
been
“The
Captain
saidsailors
if we would
come
kidnapped
by the
British
navy drink…
off the
up, he would
give
us some
coast
of
India
saw
their
chance
to
As soon as we got on the quarter
escape one night.
deck they surrounded us and the
They jumped into a small boat and
second mate clapped a pistol to my
rowed as fast as they could.
chest. [He said]
youintercepted
move an by
Unfortunately,
they ‘If
were
inch, I British
will blow
your
brains
another
boat
before
theyout.’”
could
reach the shore.
Yankee Traders
• After the Revolution,
American trade grew
rapidly.
• Ships from New England
went on voyages that
sometimes lasted years.
• These Yankee traders
traded New England ice
for the spices and silks of
India and China.
Yankee Traders
• More than 10 years before Lewis and Clark, Yankee
merchants had already sailed up the pacific coast.
• So many traders had visited the tribes there that the
local Indians knew white men as “Boston.”
Robert
Gray
explored
and traded
along the
Colombia
River for
America
http://www.marines.com/main/index/making_marines/culture/traditions/music
Yankee Traders
• Trade was especially risky on the Mediterranean Sea,
where pirates of the Barbary States (along North
Africa) demanded a yearly tribute (bribe) to avoid
attacks.
• When Jefferson refused to pay this tribute, the
Barbary States declared war on the U.S.
• Jefferson responded by blockading the pirate capital
of Tripoli. Admiral Stephen Decatur burned pirate
ships while the marines launched a surprise attack on
Tripoli by land.
• By 1805, the ruler of Tripoli signed a treaty promising
not to interfere with American ships.
American Neutrality is
Violated
• Unfortunately, Britain
and France went to war
again in 1803.
• The U.S. tried to remain
neutral and profit from
trade with both nations.
• Again, both Britain and
France disregarded
American neutrality by
capturing American
ships bound for Europe.
Impressment Gangs
• The British navy badly needed more sailors, so they
stepped up their impressment of Americans (forcing
them to become sailors.)
• Impressment gangs had already swept the villages of
England and now they were taking our young men.
• Furious Americans demanded a war against Britain.
Jefferson’s Embargo
Many Americans opposed the
embargo, saying that it wouldn’t
hurt our enemies soon enough.
• Jefferson knew that the
American navy was no
match for the British, so
he avoided war and tried
to hurt both France and
Britain with a world
Embargo (ban on trade.)
• He felt that trade was the
most powerful weapon
that we could use in our
defense.
Jefferson’s Embargo
• The Embargo Act kept
us out of a war and did
hurt Britain and France,
but it hurt American
shipping and Agriculture
even more.
• Both France and
England were vast
empires, that could
trade with any of their
colonies. Americans had
far fewer trading
partners.
Jefferson’s Embargo
• Supplies were cut off from
Americans – we could not
buy British molasses, sugar
or tea.
• American exports dropped by
$80 million in one year.
American docks were filled
with supplies with nobody to
buy them.
• Many merchants protested
and even smuggled goods to
avoid this unpopular act.
The Embargo Fails
• By 1809, even Jefferson admitted
that the Embargo Act had failed.
• Congress replaced the Embargo
act with the Nonintercourse Act,
which allowed Americans to trade
with all nations except Britain and
France.
• This act was also unpopular, but
the Republican candidate James
Madison still easily won the
Presidential election in 1808
when Jefferson decided to leave
office.