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ASHRAE Technology:
Sustainable
Applications
A Review of Successful
Applications of
Innovative Design
“Sustainability is no longer just a
topic for discussion but rather a
serious global concern. It is now
time for definitive technical
guidance, innovative engineering
applications and leading-edge
research to be initiated as the
principal focus of a global
technical organization.
Energy resources are limited
Man is adversely affecting the
global climate due to measured
increases in global temperatures
and CO2 levels at rates which are
exceeding past projections
We have a duty and
responsibility to provide a
sustainable future
ASHRAE
Technology Awards
Designs in winning projects
illustrate that technology
already exists to help solve the
global warming crisis
Communicates innovative
designs to fellow members
Highlights technological
achievements
What Are
We Looking For?
Energy efficiency – Standard
90.1
Indoor air quality – Standard
62.1
Thermal comfort – Standard 55
Innovation
Operation and maintenance
Cost effectiveness
Environmental impact
What Are
We Looking For?
Commercial buildings (new and
existing)
Institutional buildings
Health care facilities
Industrial facilities or processes
Public assembly facilities
Residential buildings
Alternative or renewable energy
use
Creating Synergies for
Sustainable Design
Mountain Equipment Coop –
Montreal
Geo-exchange system using groundsource heat pumps
Radiant slabs for heating and cooling
Combination hybrid ventilation
system
Dedicated outdoor air unit
High performance envelope
Natural lighting
Thermal energy storage with night
pre-cooling and –heating
Heat recovery from exhausted air
Rain water harvesting
Mountain Equipment Coop (MEC)
Building
* 45,000 Sq. Ft.
* 2-Story, Open Space Retail
* Office Spaces
* Storage Areas
* Small Coffee Shop
* Target = 50% Savings of
Energy over Code
Geothermal System
12 – 575 foot deep wells
Eight water-to-water HPs
Htg & Clg Systems = Radiant
Slabs
Parallel Pumps for Natural Slab
Cooling with well water
Minimized Metallic Duct Mat’l
Hybrid & Dedicated Ventilation
Hybrid – Underground Tunnels
* Fans, Filters & Perimeter Supply
* Vertical Ventilation Shafts
* Roof Peak Exhaust Vents
* 50,000 CFM
Dedicated – Heat or Dehumidify
* Energy Recovery Unit
* 6,000 CFM
CO2 Sensors in Bldg Exhaust
Natural Lighting
2nd Floor Retail Areas
* Roof Monitor & Clearstory
Windows
* Sensors Control Artificial Ltg
* Total Installed Ltg = 1.3
W/Sq.Ft. (90.1 = 1.9 W/SF)
* ½ Year’s Ltg
Building Envelope
Walls = R35 (90.1 = R11)
Roof = R40 (90.1 = R16)
Windows = High Performance
Double-Glazed, Low-e, U-factor
= 0.3
Window Shading
Low or No-VOC Materials
Flooring = Bare Concrete
w/protective finish
Operation & Maintenance
Automatic Switching Between
Htg & Clg Modes, Hybrid &
DOAS Systems, Natural & GeoBased HVAC System Operation
System Weather Forecast Input
Remote Monitor of Performance
All Units Easily Accessed
No Water or Mold Problems
Environmental Impact
HPs – R-407c (HFC & 0 ODP)
Bldg Reduced Emissions = 400
Tons/yr CO2
Water-Conserving Plbg System
Roof Water – Toilets & Irrigation
Domestic Water Savings =
300,000 Gal/yr
67% of Construction Wastes
Recycled
Performing Arts
and Aquatic Centers
Allegan, Mich., High School
Performing Arts Center
and Natatorium
Cost-effective design with major
annual energy and operational
cost savings
Theater chiller system size
reduced
Installation cost of fabric
ductwork 30 percent less than
chemical resistant fiberglass and
20 percent less than fieldapplied coated galvanized
ductwork
Building Description
23,700 Sq. Ft Natatorium
* Competition & Leisure Pools,
Showers, Locker Rooms & Support
Areas
30,000 Sq. Ft. Theater
* 75 Foot High Loft
* Theater Support Areas
Precise Temperature & Humidity
Control Year-Around
Adequate Ventilation
Acoustic Concerns
Energy Efficiency
ERVs – Pool & Lockers
* Recover 60%
Energy Recovery Dehumidification Units – Pools
Variable Flow Hot Water Htg
Fully Modulating Boilers
UAD in Auditorium
CO2 Control of Ventilation
EMS/DDC System Control
Indoor Air Quality
Theater:
* Max Velocity = 50 FPM
* Displacement Ventilation
* Multiple Supply Elevations &
Low Return Locations
Natatorium & Lockers
* ERVs & 6 ACH
* Fabric Ducts
* Multiple Filters
Innovation
UAD in Theater
CO2 Sensor Control of O/A
Lobby – Reverse-Return finned
Tube Radiation at Glazing
Lockers – Energy Recovery of
O/A & Individual Temp Control
Natatoriums – Reverse-Return
Finned Tube Radiation at Glazing
Innovation
Heating Plants – Fully
Modulating, Low NOX Burners
* Var. Freq Unit Matches
Boiler’s Combustion Air Usage
* Boilers – Variable Flow
Operation & Maintenance
* Ample Room for Maintenance
* EMS – Prev. Maint.
Schedules
Underfloor for
High-Tech Campus
Des Moines Area Community College
new technology classroom
HVAC system reduced energy
costs by 43 percent
Energy savings measures
resulted in $88,000 construction
incentive rebate from local
utility company
Geothermal heat pump and energy
recovery ventilators
High efficiency glass
Occupancy sensors
daylighting
Building Information
56,000 Sq. Ft. – Expandable to
125,000 Sq. Ft.
Classrooms w/wireless equip.
Raised Floor & UAD
Energy Efficiency & IAQ
Geo-HVAC (4 Acre Pond)
+ 2-stage HPs
+ Variable-speed Pumps
Daylighting & Ltg. dimmers
ERVs (75% exhaust recovery)
DDC – Occupancy & CO2
Sensors
High Efficiency Filters
Displacement Ventilation
Innovation
UAD w/Downflow HPs
Variable Air Vol. Floor Diffusers
In-floor Radiant Htg. (Common
Areas)
Modular HP System/Area
DDC – System Alarms
Maintenance Within Bldg.
No Boilers, CTs or Outside Eqmt.
Energy-Efficient
Laboratory Design
Concordia University Science Complex
Montreal
50 percent more efficient than
the Model National Energy Code
of Canada for Buildings
Building salvation and energy
savings equal to 2,250 tons of
CO2
Building Information
345,000 Sq. Ft. L-shaped
Science Complex (2 Sub-Bsmts
& 6 Floors)
Academic & Research Labs,
Classrooms & Offices
250 Fume Hoods
150,000 Sq. Ft. – R&D Wet Labs
480,000 CFM Supply & O/A
(25,000 CFM – 100% O/A)
Energy Efficiency
High Efficiency HVAC Eqmt.
Energy Recovery = Run-around
Glycol Loop
Motion Detectors for Ltg, HVAC
& O/A Control
Variable Freq. Drives – All Fans
& Motors
Boiler Stack, Chiller Condenser
& Heat Recovery Chillers – Low
Temp Water Htg. (Reheat)
IAQ & Thermal Comfort
Motion Sensors -> Ventilation
Rate Strategies
VAV w/Terminal Re-heat
Steam Humidifiers
Draw-thru Type HVAC Systems
Media-less Silencers
2-stage Filtration 30% & 85%
Intake & Exhaust Stacks – Noise
Protection for Neighborhood
Innovation
Combination of “Dedicated” &
Centralized Systems (6 –
80,000 CFM Systems)
Motion Sensors – Ltg. & HVAC
Sys.
EMCS Monitor of Fume Hoods
Efficient Window Glazing &
Perim. Linear Floor Grilles
Remote Access & Monitoring
Neutralization Tank - Labs
From Brownfield to
Sustainability Showcase
Chicago Center for Green Technology
75 percent less energy
consumption over typical office
buildings in Chicago
Uses 45 percent less energy
than 90.1-2000 without
photovoltaic credit
Uses 60 percent less energy
with the credit
Building Information
34,000 Sq. Ft.
Multi-use Bldg. on a Brownfield
Site
Rooftop Garden & Rainwater
Harvesting
Recharging Stations in Garage
Offices, Education Facility, Hightech Factory, Interpretive Center
& “Garden in the City”
Mechanical Systems
6 Air-to-Water HPs (45 Ton)
DOAS w/Energy Recovery
O/A Control = Occupancy
Sensors
Geo Field = 28 – 200’ Bores
Back-up = Boilers & CTs
DDC w/Lighting Occupancy, CO2
Monitoring & Elec. Demand
Control
Energy Efficiency
Bldg Envelope – Highly
Insulated, Low-e Glazing
w/shading
Daylighting & Electronic
Dimmable Ballasts (25%
Savings)
Run-Around Heat Recovery Loop
Geo-HVAC System
EMS Control of All Systems
Indoor Air Quality
Natural Ventilation (Op.
Windows & Mult. Exh. Fans)
Displacement Ventilation
High Efficiency Filtration
No- & Low-VOC Materials
CO2, Temperature & Humidity
Levels Monitored w/EMS
No Occupant Complaints
Innovation
Geo-HVAC System w/Redundant
Components
Displacement Ventilation
UAD & Underground Ductwork
PV Panels – External Shading
devices (71KW of 100 KW
Demand)
Occupancy Control & Load
Shedding = Min. Peak Demand
Water Saving Technologies
Innovation
Rainwater Storage – Irrigation
Low-flow Toilets & Showers
Site Run-off to Landscape
No CFCs or HCFCs in Materials
Elevators – Canola Oil in
Hydraulics
Geo-HVAC – Propylene Glycol
Garden Roof – Reduces Heat
Island Effect & Cleans O/A
Operation & Management
All Components Serviceable &
Located Inside Bldg.
Low Maintenance or Simple
Maintenance Components
Commissioning Plan Ensured
Correct Installation
Maintenance Staff Training
Post Commissioning & Op. Proc.
Verification
Sustainability Built
Into Big Rock Ranch
George Lucas’ Big Rock Ranch
Marin County, California
Energy cost savings of $214,000
Simple payback of 4.2 years for
geothermal heat exchanger
37.7 percent less energy use
than California’s Title 24 Energy
Standards
Qualified for $100,000 in utility
incentives
Building Information
184,400 Sq. Ft.
Offices, Commons & Screening
Rooms
Walls & Roof = R-19
Low-e Glass (U=0.40 & SHGC =
0.29)
No Natural Gas & Limited Water
Supply
HVAC Systems
VAV Air Handlers
2 – 240 Ton Helical Screw
Chillers (60% of Load)
3 – 96 Ton HPs (Hot Water Htg)
Geo Bore-field = 288 Bores @
400’ Depth
Chilled Water Pumps = VFDs
UAD & Displacement Vent.
HW Windowsill = Perim. Htg.
Indoor Air Quality
Superior IAQ – Required Criteria
CO2 Sensors Control of O/A
Concrete Underfloor Plenums
AHUs – High Efficiency Filters
AHUs – Sloped, Self Drain Pans
Space Provided for Periodic
Cleaning of Coils & Pans
(+) & (-) Pressure Areas
Innovation
Geo-Loop w/Chillers
No RTUs, Natural Gas, Evap.
Water Supply & Quiet Systems
“Active Flow Controls” w/Mod.
By-pass Avoided Min. Chiller
Flows
Geo-Loop Heat Recovery
w/Water Side Economizer –
Bldgs Heated w/110 Deg.F
Water
Environmental Impact
Elimination of CTs – No Water or
Chemical Treatments
No Sox or NOx Production
Reduction of CO2 = 766,350
lbs/yr
No Threat if Geo System Leaked
Geo Loop Life = 50 – 100 Yrs
Sustainable Design for
Circus Big Top
TOHU’s Chapiteau des arts
Due to waste heat use,
reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions of more than 300
tons per year
Electricity obtained from hydro
and produces almost no
greenhouse gas
28 percent less energy use than
model code building
64 percent less energy use
compared to 90.1
Building Information
40,000 Sq. Ft.
Offices, Lobby & Auditorium
Passive Solar Design – Trombe
South Wall
Solar Blinds & Shades
Bio-gas Wasted Heat
Water Efficient Fixtures
Natural & Hybrid Ventilation
Passive Solar Design
Walls = Precast Concrete
w/Insulation Inside
+ Minimize Inside Structure
+ Sound Insulation
+ Thermal Mass
Trombe Wall – Full Htg. Cap. In
February
Solar Blinds & Shades
Bio-Gas Wasted Heat
Waste Heat from Power Plant
Power Plant Burns Landfill
Methane
Turbine Cooling Water – Space
& O/A Htg.
Natural & Hybrid Ventilation
Underground Duct + Htg & Clg
Coils
Displacement Vent @ Top of
Auditorium Seats and Bottom of
Walls
Discharge = Exhaust Chimney
Heat Recovery Coil = Pre-cond.
O/A
Supplement Clg – Thermal
Storage (Ice Storage)
O&M, Environmental Impact
Minimum Maintenance Req’d
DDC Alarms
Integrated Bldg. Design = 10%
Reduction in 1st Cost
CO2 Reduction = 300 Tons/Yr
20% of Electricity From Hydro
Minimum Ductwork Req’d
1st Green Circus Arts Concert
Hall
Festival Walk
Building Information
Gross Area = 1,220,000 ft2, 7Story facility in Hong Kong with
over 200 shops, 27 restaurants,
11-screen cinema multiplex,
220,000 ft2 of offices and 850
space parking garage.
Total Cooling Load = 6,400 Tons
Air-cooled Condensers
converted to Water-cooled
Mechanical Systems
Chiller System = Decoupled Bypass System
Five 1,600 Tons Centrifugal and
One 400 Ton Chiller (Night
Duty)
Air Handling Units & Fan Coil
Units (Total Capacity > Chiller
Capacity)
Original Chiller Control Logic
PROBLEMS
Riser Temp Incr = Chiller Addns
“Hunting” of Chillers
Chillers ran at low % Loadings
Tenants set thermostats low –
valves always fully open
Large Capacity Difference of
AHUs & Chillers
Low CHWR Temperatures
New Chiller Control Logic
Deficit Flow > Preset Limit =
Add’nl CHW Pump
Chiller Add’n only when true
load is confirmed by:
+ % FLA of Running Chillers
+ Avg. Lvg CHW Temp
+ Amt of Deficit Flow @ Bypass
+ Actual Bldg Load
+ Running Avg of Bldg Load
Measurement & Verification Plan
OBJECTIVES
1) Find Freq. of Plant in ‘Save’
Mode -# Pumps = # Chillers +
1
‘Normal’ Mode - # Pumps = #
Chillers
2) Chiller Eff. Incr. w/Higher % of
Part Load
KW/T by Regression Model
using % Loading & Cond. EWT
Measurement & Verification Plan
3) Find $avings/yr
‘Virtual’ Mode (Ideal) vs ‘ Save’
Mode for Chiller & Chiller Plant
4) Find Incr. of Chiller Part Load
Average %s
‘Normal’ & ‘Virtual’ Modes vs
‘Normal’ & ‘Save’ Modes
Measurement & Verification Plan
5) Find Incr. in Chiller Overall
Heat Transfer Performance
Evaporator Overall H.T. plotted
against % Part-load
Results & Findings
Plant @ ‘Save’ Mode 14.5% Annually
KW/Ton Drops w/Incr. % Loading
Chiller Operating Efficiency Incr. =
1.9% (Total Plant = 435,000
KWH/yr)
Increased Avg. Part Load
Incr. in Evap. Overall H.T. Coef.
(‘Save’ Mode) due to Incr. CHW Flow
Rates
Results & Findings
Reduce CO2 Emissions =
575,400 Lb/yr
Extend Chiller Plant life due to
reduced operating hours
No Additional Capital
Investment Required
No Impact to Indoor
Environment
Compuware
Building Information
1,030,000 Sq.Ft, 16-Story
Office Bldg with Office space for
4,000 employees, 8,000 Sq.Ft.
Data Center, 14-Story waterfall,
60,000 Sq.Ft. Retail Space,
38,000 Sq.Ft. Fitness Center,
Day Care, 18 Classrooms, Full
Service Cafeteria & Kitchen and
12-story Parking Deck
Energy Efficiency
UFAD System w/VAV, Low Temp.
(46 Deg.F) Primary Air
Each Floor – Vertical Fan/Mixing
Units (VFMU)
R/A (78 – 80 Deg.F) from
Ceiling Plenum
Displacement Ventilation
Occupant Sensor Control of
HVAC & Bldg. Mgmt. System
IAQ & Thermal Comfort
OA Control – Airflow Meas.
Stations in ea. Primary AHU
Ea. Office has adjustable
diffusers
Humidity Control – ea. AHU
Reduced “draftiness”
Fan-powered Boxes – Perimeter
Heating System
O & M and Innovation
Redundancy of Primary AHUs
Spare Chiller
Commissioning Process –
Trained Owner’s Facility Staff
UFAD System – Ease to Modify
Space Layouts
Low-temp Primary Air = Cost
Reductions for AHUs & Duct
Mains
Results & Findings
Total Extra 1st Cost = $99,500
Annual Cost $avings =
$160,500 (7 mo. Payback)
2,276,610 KWH/yr = Reduced
Emissions from Power Plant
Project – Reuse of an Urban
Brownfield
Superior IEQ = Occupant
Satisfaction
Dallas Semiconductor Mfg. Facility
Bldg. & Process Information
50 Million Sq.Ft. Mfg. Complex
Replacement Boiler Plant:
+ 210 psi sat. steam (99.5%)
+ Steam Flow Range = 50,000
– 225,000 lb/hr (Annual Total =
700 million lb/yr
+ Four 75,000 lb/hr Water-tube
2-Drum, Pressure-fired Boilers
Project Features
Clean Rooms
+ “Runaround” MUA Pre-cooling
& Pre-heating of 1,200,000 CFM
= $300,000/yr Fuel $avings
City Water Preheating
+ Three Chillers Aux.
Condensers Preheat 2,550 GPM
at Deionization Plants =
$510,000/yr Fuel $avings
Project Features
Combustion Air Preheating
+ Exhaust Stack P/F H/Es =
$113,000/yr Fuel $avings
Boiler Feedwater Preheating
+ Finned-tube H/E in Exhaust
Stack of Gas Turbine in Central
Utility Plant = $132,000/yr Fuel
$avings
Project Features
Combustion Air Blowing
+ Four 150 HP Boiler Forced
Draft Fans with Var. Speed
Drives and Modulation (Maintain
5% Excess Air) = $10,900/yr
Fuel $avings
Boiler Feedwater Pumping
+ Making Three 125 HP Pumps
w/Variable-speed Motors =
$25,600/yr $avings
Project Features
Boiler Makeup Water Preheating
+ H/E in Surface Blowdown of 4
Steam Boilers Preheat 6,750
lb/hr M/U water = $12,000/yr
Fuel $avings
Outdoor Air Quality
+ High Efficiency Boilers w/10:1
Turn-down & No Flue Gas
Recirculation
Summary of Results
Increases in Efficiencies =
Reduction in NOx of 17,800
lb/yr
Total Cost for Improvements =
$1,369,000
Total Fuel $avings =
$1,303,500/yr (ROI = 95%)
How Do I Enter?
Contest begins at chapter level
– due late February
Entries for regional level due
May 15
www.ashrae.org/cttc
Complete listing of ASHRAE
Journal articles on award
winners at
www.ashrae.org/journal