Transcript Document 7196159

Nationalism and Sectionalism
Unit Three:
Chapter 7
Let’s Review!
Past and future Presidents
Significant Events
What sort of issues did we have
before the war:
after the war:
Establishing a gov’t
Staying neutral
B/t GB & FR
Debt
Growth…more land
Taxes/Revenue
War
Finding our place
among other
nations
Industrial growth
Transportation
Opening the west
Population growth
Growing pains…
Good feelings – how?
Internal improvements
Building roads, canals, transportation
Protective Tariff (tax on imports)
Tariff of 1816:
Raise revenue for internal improvements
and protect American businesses from
cheap British goods by placing high import
taxes on them
Good feelings, continued.
Established 2nd National Bank in 1816
Elections:
Federalist Party (gone after 1812)
Dominant party – Republican
1808 & 1812: James Madison
1816 & 1820: James Monroe
A growing and young nation
1780 – 2.7 million people in US, 13 states
1830 – 12 million people in US, 24 states
Causes:
Not immigration, for now
More children born to each family
1800-1840, usually 5 kids per family
High infant mortality rate
Low median age
Most of population was young (in 1820, most under
17 – today’s is 33).
Young couples dreamed of working hard to
make a good future for their families.
The place to make their dream come true was the
Trans-Appalachia (west of App Mtns).
A Transportation Revolution
A Transportation Revolution
Steam Power
James Watt – used steam engine to make
textiles
Robert Fulton – used steam power for a ship
The Clermont
Fulton’s ship that traveled upriver, against the
current
By 1820’s, 69 steamboats were on the
rivers of America’s West.
A Transportation Revolution: Roads
Roads
Used to move goods, migrate west,
communicate, & run their gov’t.
Federal/National Rd.
Built to last, financed by Fed Gov’t.
Maryland to Ohio, today called US
Route 40.
Turnpike – Highways where a toll must
be paid
Corduroy Rd – Whole logs used to
surface the road
Plank Rd – planks used on roads
A Transportation Revolution:
Canals
Canals
Waterways – cheapest way to carry
goods, but they don’t go everywhere.
So, Americans built artificial waterways
(canals).
Mostly built in Northeast
Erie Canal (1825) – connected Hudson
River and Lake Erie.
– Increased rate of settlement & development
of all Great Lakes Region
A Transportation Revolution:
Railroads
While better roads aided transportation, RR
proved far more durable and efficient for moving
goods and people.
Used Watt’s steam technology to develop a steam
locomotive.
In 1828, construction began on the first American
RR in Baltimore, MD.
Baltimore and Ohio (B & O) line.
By 1840, the nation had over 3,300 miles of track
on several different lines…more than any other
country in the world!
We are a new “MOBILE” society!
Increased availability of goods & flow
of info
Women no longer needed help of
whole family to produce household
necessities – good & bad
Women were alone in housework
White Americans could pack up and
move!
Head west
Effects of our new mobile society
Slaves moved west with owners.
Major cause of death among Native
Americans – still disease from white
settlers
Life in the West!
Life in the West:
Crossing the Appalachians
In 1828, James Hall wrote Letters
from the West.
This captured the mood of the nation on
the move.
He said, “the innumerable caravans of
adventurers who are daily crowding to
the West in search of homes…produce a
constant succession of visitors of every
class and of almost every nation.”
Pioneers move west
Pioneers move west!
By 1830’s, hundreds of thousands of
people living north of Ohio River Valley.
New states: Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
Journey was long and difficult.
Settlers moved as families
Young men traveled alone
“Old America seems to be breaking up and
moving westward. We are seldom out of
sight, as we travel on this grand track
towards the Ohio, of family groups behind
and before us, some [intending to go] to a
particular spot, close to a brother perhaps,
or [to] a friend who has gone before and
reported well of the country.”
Pioneers arrive on their new land!
Once they settled, they faced a heavy
burden of work.
Must clear the land, plant a crop, build
a house.
With hand tools and good ole’ muscle
Used fire to clear some undergrowth
Planted corn
The Legend – Daniel Boone
In 1775, he was
employed by
Transylvania Co.
Supposed to cut the
Wilderness Rd
Became main road to
Trans-Appalachia
Member of KY state
legislature
Famous form being a
bold and tough
pioneer
Expansion into Florida
AL, LA, and Miss were getting crowded.
US acquired FL in 1795 through the
Pinckney Treaty
Named for American diplomatic creator Thomas
Pinckney
It accomplished:
1.) The Southern boundary of the US was set at 31’N
latitude, leaving FL firmly in Spanish hands.
2.) US citizens would be allowed free use of the Miss
River thru Spanish territory.
3.) Spain and US agreed to control the Indians living
within each country’s territories and to prevent them from
attacking the other country’s territory.
Expansion into Florida (cont.)
In the 1810’s Spain dealt with rebellions in its
South American colonies.
Paid little attention to Florida.
Allowed Seminoles, Indians in FL, to attack Southern
Georgia.
Americans didn’t like Seminoles b/c they let escaped slaves
live with them.
General in charge of protecting US settlers was
Andrew Jackson.
Told Pres Monroe, “that the possession of the Floridas
would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days
it will be accomplished.”
Pres Monroe did not openly encourage him, but Jackson
still invaded Florida.
He succeeded and Americans applauded him (Spain didn’t)
Florida is all ours… bwah-ha-ha!
Monroe (and his Sec of State, John Quincy
Adams) tried to make the best of Jackson’s
actions.
Adams accused Spain of breaking the Pinckney
Treaty by failing to control the Seminoles.
Adams-Onis Treaty
B/t Adams & Spain’s rep Onis y Gonzales
Spain agreed to cede (give up) FL to US
Spain also gave up claim to Pacific Northwest
Now, for the 1st time, the US stretched from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Set boundary b/t LA Purchase and Spanish
Territory
In fact, US ceded large amount of modern day Texas.
African American Pioneers
An estimated 98,000
slaves moved west with
their owners from 17901810.
Another 338,000 came
from Africa.
North of the Ohio River,
slavery was forbidden
(free slaves could live
there).
Not supported as white
Americans didn’t want to
compete with African
Americans for jobs/land.
Some laws required
African Americans to pay
$1,000 to move to Illinois,
while white people paid
nothing.
Native Americans forced west
Most Indians were
forced to move during
this time.
Lost land to US Gov’t
thru unfair treaties.
Diseases brought by
white settlers were the
main reason for
population dwindling.
While many fought to
keep their culture, the
Cherokee decided to
adapt.
Cherokee chose to adapt!
Under a leader, John Ross, the Cherokee
created a legal system and gov’t that blended
Indian and European traditions.
No more common-owning property
No have private property
They practiced slavery and had 1,300 African
slaves.
They became farmers and used a newspaper.
A leader Sequoyah, invented an alphabet
they used.
In 1827, they declared themselves and
independent nation!
Worked for a little while, but white settlers
were too hungry for land.
The Industrial Revolution!!!
The Industrial Revolution (cont.)
Americans pursued profit with the same
energy that they pursued self-improvement
and virtue.
How to make a profit?
Use new inventions
Produce materials faster and cheaper
Industrial Revolution
Effort to increase production by using machines
powered by sources other than animals & humans.
Began in Britain.
How it all started…
With improvement
in textiles (cloth).
James Watts
Invented: Steam Engine
GB guarded its secrets
If you knew about
inventions, you couldn’t
emigrate (move out of GB).
Samuel Slater ruined it!
Brought textile mills to US
Industrial Innovation in America – Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney
In 1796, told Gov’t he would
make 10,000 guns in 2 yrs.
Then, had to make
individual parts & then
make them fit together.
Whitney thought, what if
all the parts were made
exactly alike and could be
used on any gun…
He never did it, but he
came up w/ the idea of…
Interchangeable Parts
Where all parts are made
to an exact standard.
Eli Whitney’s – Cotton Gin
In 1793, he noticed the
time and effort it took to
clean cotton seeds
from cotton fibers.
1793 – 1 lb. cotton/day
Invented: Cotton Gin
Machine that separates
the seeds from raw
cotton fibers.
Gin = machine/engine
Now, worker could clean
1,000 lbs cotton/day
Cotton Gin’s Important Effects
1.) Profit/lb of cotton skyrockets & more
cotton planted for harvest.
Exports rose 6,000% b/t 1790-1815
2.) Many Southern planters began to
depend on cotton as their only major crop,
b/c it was so profitable.
3.) Planters looked for new land where they
could grow more cotton (mostly in AL, MS,
LA, & TX).
4.) More African slaves to keep up w/ work
on larger plantations.
Slave population up to 1.5 million in 1820.
Cotton Gin – in a nutshell
The cotton gin helped keep the
southern states a land of slavery and
of farming, while the northern states
became a land of free labor
and of industry.
These fundamental differences
will cause friction…
Civil war anyone?
Famous Inventors & their creations
Date
Inventor and Invention/Innovation
1787
John Fitch, 1st American Steamboat
1790
Samuel Slater, water-powered cotton-processor
1793
Eli Whitney, cotton gin
1795
Robert Fulton, steam shovel (for digging canals)
1798
Eli Whitney, mass produces muskets w/ standard
measures and interchangeable parts
1807
Robert Fulton, launches Clermont (1st commercially
successful steamboat)
1814
Frances C. Lowell, opens 1st completely mechanized
cotton mill
1820
William Underwood, opens canning factory
1826
Samuel Morey, patents an internal combustion engine
1828
Joseph Henry, electromagnet
5th Pres: James Monroe
1817-1825
Missouri
Compromise is
made during his
administration.
We will look at his
administration more
in detail next
chapter!
Important cabinet member:
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State
Hmmm…. Why is this
job special?
Son of John Adams
Going to be next
President
Guru of foreign affairs:
Adams-Onis Treaty
Oregon
Monroe Doctorine
Problems for Monroe:
Battle with GB over Great Lakes and
boundary of Canada
Settlements:
GB ended asst with natives
Rush-Bagot Treaty
US & GB removed all warships from Great
Lakes, demilitarized entire 3000 mile border
Convention of 1818
US ships could fish in Canadian waters
Set N boundary of LA purchase (49th
parallel) and gave join occupation of Oregon
for 10 years
More problems:
Spanish Florida – boundary dispute
Seminole & Creek attacks against GA
A. Jackson chased Seminole into FL and
seized Pensacola
Settlement:
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Spain cedes FL to USA; set boundary of LA
territory
Russia – claimed Alaska south to
Oregon
Russians agreed to withdraw from
Oregon – had too much land to govern
Monroe Doctrine – Go JQA!
Supposed to solve problems with:
Latin America
Spanish colonies declare indep.
– USA feels need to protect them
Quadruple Alliance
Set up in Europe to suppress ideas of FR
Rev.
– Worried actions might spread to US
Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia
Pacific Coast of North America
Russia in Oregon
USA Statement: you mess with Latin
America, you mess with us!
Monroe Doctrine:
1.) The U.S. would not get involved
in any internal affairs of European
countries, nor would it take sides in
wars among them.
2.) The U.S. recognized the existing colonies
and states in the W.H. and would not interfere
with them.
3.) The U.S. would not permit any further
colonization of the W.H.
4.) Any attempt by any European power to
control any nation in the W.H. would be viewed
as a hostile action toward the U.S.
Post-War Boom &
Panic
Economic prosperity
in 1815.
Republican party
dominated politics,
Federalists faded out
of existence.
Creation of Second
Bank of the United
States.
Panic of 1819:
First Great
Depression
Economic downturn
The Missouri
Compromise
Admission of the state
of Missouri.
Basic issue of slavery
at stake.
Missouri Compromise of
1820
Slavery would be permitted
in Missouri.
Maine would come into the
union as a Free State.
As the U.S. expanded
westward, states north of
36° 30‘ latitude would be
free states.
Avoid confronting the issue
of slavery for the time
being!
Missouri Compromise
Important info for nationalism
McCulloch vs.
Maryland
Powers of federal
gov’t were more
than Const had
intended
Congress had
authority to est. a
national bank
Dartmouth vs.
Woodward
Fed gov’t more
powerful than
states
Protect businesses
Gibbons vs. Ogden
States can’t
regulate trade on
interstate
waterways
The Election of 1824:
First election where
no candidate was a
leader during the
Revolution.
John Quincy
Adams defeated
John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina,
Henry Clay of
Kentucky, and the
popular Andrew
Jackson of
Tennessee.
A Controversial
Race:
Calhoun withdraws
and runs for V.P.
Adams faces the
“Passionate Orator”
& the “Man of the
People”.
The Corrupt Bargain
Jackson wins most popular votes.
Feb. 1825 Congress is required to
decide election.
Clay swings Kentucky’s votes to Adams,
days later Adams names Clay his
Secretary of State.
President John Quincy Adams
First son to follow
father’s footsteps
President only one
term; 1825-1829
He wrote in his diary
daily between the ages
of 29-49.
He wrote many times
about the weaknesses
of others, but here is
how he described
himself, “I am a man of
reserved, cold, austere,
and forbidding
manners.”
J.Q. Adams
From the beginning of his administration he
was challenged by the “Jacksonians” in
Congress.
Very few things got accomplished while he was
President.
Tariff of Abomination:
Trying to embarrass Adams, the Jacksonians in
Congress proposed a tariff bill that raised rates
across the board, on raw materials as well as on
imported goods.
Adam’s home region of New England
welcomed the higher import tariffs, but not
raw materials because of their industrialized
economy would lose profits.
J.Q. Adams
No one expected the tariff to pass, so when
it did the South became very angry b/c they
wanted less expensive imports.
The south called this the TARIFF OF
ABOMINATIONS. (one nail in the coffin
toward secession)
One important event during his
administration was in 1827, New Orleans
held its first Mardi Gras  !
Election of 1828
Adams vs. Jackson
Economic issues forcing politicians to
choose sides.
Adams / Clay = National Republicans /
Whigs
Jackson = Democrats (Jacksonian Dem.)
Twice as many men voted in ’28 than ’24.
Jackson trounces Adams 178 ecv’s to 83.
National Republicans /
Whigs
Jacksonian Democrats
Federal government should
take a leadership role.
Federal government should
remain as inactive as
possible.
Federal govt. should support
internal improvements, such
as roads and bridges
The individual states should
be responsible for internal
improvements.
In favor of the national bank.
Against the national bank.
Tended to be middle-class or
well-established Protestants.
Tended to be slaveholders,
small farmers, nonProtestants, and working
class.
The Age of Jackson
Jackson as President
Signaled several changes
in politics.
First President from west
of the Appalachians.
Start of a new era in
American democracy =
popular support.
Jacksonian Democracy
Support for new, lesswealthy voters.
Repeal of state laws
requiring voters to own
land; all white males
could vote.
Voters rather than
legislatures chose
Presidential candidates.
The Spoils System
Patronage: practice of giving jobs to friends
and supporters.
Jackson dismissed more than 200 previous
appointees and 2,000 other office holders
and replaced them with his Jacksonian
Democrats. Replaced less than 20%.
This was known as the “Spoils System”
under Jackson.
“Rotation in Office” would prevent a small
group of wealthy people from controlling the
gov.
“Champion of the Common Man.”
Belief in Limited Gov’t
Feared the power of a strong National
Govt.
Attacked politicians he thought
corrupt and laws that would limit the
people’s liberties.
Used Veto power on more acts of
Congress than the six previous
Presidents combined.
Ex. = Fed money for a state road in KY.
The Tariff Crisis!
Tariff of 1828
Congress passed prior to Jackson
taking office.
Benefited the industrial north, forced
southerners to pay higher prices on
manufactured goods.
“Tariff of Abominations”
More crisis!!!
Secede:
withdrawal was
threatened by
South Carolina
South Carolina
declared the tariffs
“null, void, and no
law, nor binding
upon this State, its
officers or citizens.”
1833 Force Bill =
required South
Carolina to
collect the tariffs.
Jackson
threatened to send
50,000 troops to
SC.
Henry Clay, the
“Great
Compromiser”,
reduce some of the
import duties and
SC cancelled the
nullification act,
thus nullified the
Force Bill at the
same time.
Indian Relocation
Indian Removal Act:
1830 encouraged by
Jackson, authorized him to give Native Americans
land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange
for lands taken from them in the east.
Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members of
five tribes.
32 million prairie acres in Oklahoma for 100 million
acres in the east. (That seems fair…… NOT!)
Cherokee nation took up farming and adapted more
to the white culture than any other nation.
Sequoyah = writing system, literacy.
The Cherokee Govt. was modeled after the U.S.
Indian Removal Continued
1829 gold discovered on Cherokee lands in
Georgia.(Dahlonega)
Cherokees sued in court
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that they had no legal
standing in American courts because they were not U.S.
citizens nor from a foreign country.
“We wish to remain on the land of our fathers. We have
a perfect and original right to remain without
interruption. . . It cannot be that the community we are
addressing, remarkable for its intelligence and religious
sensibilities, and preeminent [unmatched] for its
devotion to the rights of man, will lay aside this
appeal.”
» --- Cherokee public appeal, July 17, 1830
1832 Worcester v. Georgia; Chief Justice Marshall
ruled that Georgia had no authority over Cherokee
territory. Georgia ignored the ruling.
“All preceding experiments for the improvement of the Indians
have failed. It seems now to be an established fact that they can not
live in contact with a civilized community and prosper. . . .No one
can doubt the moral duty of the Government of the United States to
protect and if possible to preserve and perpetuate the scattered
remnants of this race which are left within our borders.”
--- President Jackson, annual address to
Congress December 7, 1835
 Trail of Tears: 1838, U.S. army rounded up more
than 15,000 Cherokees into camps. 116 days they
were forced to march westward in groups of about
1,000.
 Poorly organized and undersupplied in the fall and winter
months. 1 out of 4 Cherokees died of cold or disease as
troops refused to let them rest. Cost was $6 million, this
money was subtracted from the $9 million payment for the
lands given up.
Jackson’s Successors
Chose not to run in ’36.
Martin Van Buren becomes next
President, supported by Jackson.
Panic of 1837, severe depression in
Van Buren’s first year in office.
Dragged into the ’40’s.
William Henry Harrison defeats Van
Buren in 1840, dies after one month in
office from pneumonia. VP John Tyler
takes over.
Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs.