Transcript The End of Reconstruction, Jim Crow South and Civil Rights Advocates

The End of Reconstruction,
Jim Crow South and Civil
Rights Advocates
End of Republican Rule in
Georgia
 Republican Party gained control of the Georgia
government.
 Rufus B. Bullock was elected governor.
 Bullock wanted equal rights for African Americans.
 Most Democrats in Georgia did not.
 A campaign began to remove the Republicans
from power.
 During this time, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) attacked
many African Americans in Georgia.
End of Republican Rule in
Georgia
 As a part of Radical Reconstruction, federal
troops were sent to Georgia to restore order.
 After they withdrew, in 1870, the Democrats
regained control of the Georgia government.
 The Republican Party was referred to as the
Party of Lincoln, and southern states
associated it with anti-South policies.
Bourbon Triumvirate
 Following Reconstruction the Bourbon
Democrats controlled the Georgia
government.
 Bourbon Democrats were conservative
Democrats.
 The Bourbon Triumvirate led the Bourbon
Democrats.
 The Bourbon Triumvirate were Alfred
Colquitt, Joseph Brown, and John Gordon.
Bourbon Triumvirate
 They wanted Georgia’s economy to be
industrialized, not based solely on
agriculture.
 During their time in power, the cotton textile
industry grew.
 Production of cottonseed oil, cattle feed, and
fertilizer began.
 Atlanta became prosperous again.
Henry Grady
 Henry Grady was a journalist from Georgia who
was called the “Spokesman of the New South.”
 Through his speeches and writings, he promoted
industry and crop diversification as a means to
help the economy in Georgia, particularly in
Atlanta.
 He encouraged northern investors to develop
industries in Georgia.
 Grady spoke about unity and trust between the
North and South.
International Cotton Exposition
 The International Cotton Exposition was
held in Atlanta, in 1881.
 It was a fair to bring money to Atlanta’s
cotton textile business.
 The exposition displayed equipment for
making textiles.
 Southern products such as sugar, rice, and
tobacco were shown.
International Cotton Exposition
 Because of the exposition, millions of dollars
were invested in Atlanta.
 New jobs were created.
 Atlanta became known as the center of the
New South.
Thomas Watson and the Populists
 Small farmers in Georgia were upset
because they were not prospering during
this time.
 Prices of farm products were dropping.
 Farmers owed many loans and were
charged a great deal of money by railways
to ship their products.
 Farmers formed groups to help one another.
Thomas Watson and the Populists
 The Farmers’ Alliance was one of these groups.
 The formation of these groups was called
populism.
 Together, these groups formed a political party
called the People’s Party.
 Thomas Watson was a leader of the populists.
 Under Watson’s leadership, the People’s Party
became powerful in Georgia.
 The Democrats worried that the People’s Party
might take control.
Rebecca Latimer Felton
 Rebecca Latimer Felton was a writer, teacher, and
reformer.
 She was an early supporter of women’s suffrage, the right
to vote.
 Through making speeches and writing, Felton was able to
help women win the right to vote.
 She pushed social reform at the state level by helping to
instate Prohibition and end the convict lease system, a
system of leasing convicts to private businesses as cheap
labor.
 At the age of 87, Felton became the first woman to serve in
the U.S. Senate, in 1922.
The 1906 Atlanta Riot
 The Atlanta Riot of 1906 was a string of
violent events by whites against African
Americans.
 Such an event is known as a race riot.
 Dozens of African Americans were killed
and many more were wounded.
 The riot began because of stories of African
American men attacking white women.
The 1906 Atlanta Riot
 These stories later proved to be untrue.
 Racial tension had been increasing in Atlanta at
that time because of competition between African
Americans and whites for jobs.
 Whites were worried that the African American
upper class was becoming too powerful.
 News of the riots circulated the country and
focused the eyes of the nation on the problems of
Atlanta.
Leo Frank Case
 Leo Frank was a Jewish man from Georgia who was
lynched, or hung, by a mob because of anti-Semitism.
 Anti-Semitism is a belief system against Jewish people.
 Frank was a factory manager who was accused of
murdering a young girl employee.
 Frank’s case went to trial and he was found guilty.
 Much of the evidence against Frank was faulty and
suspicious.
 The governor of Georgia eventually decided that Frank
was innocent.
 A group of citizens lynched Frank before he could enjoy his
freedom.
Jim Crow Laws
 Georgia and other southern states passed state
and local legislation called Jim Crow laws.
 Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of
African Americans and whites.
 Signs were hung in public places designating
“Whites Only” for some public places and “Colored
Only” for others.
 African Americans were commonly called
“colored” at that time.
Plessy v. Ferguson
 Some African Americans challenged the Jim Crow laws in
court.
 The company tried to make Plessy move from a “Whites
Only” passenger car.
 Plessy refused and was arrested.
 The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not against
the Constitution.
 “Separate but Equal,” which meant that it was legal for
states to keep the races separate as long as there were
equal facilities for both races.
 Most public facilities, such as hospitals and schools, were
not of the same quality for African Americans as those for
whites.
Disenfranchisement
 Southern states made it more difficult for African
American men to vote.
 The act of denying a person the right to vote is
called disenfranchisement.
 All women were disenfranchised because none of
them were allowed to vote.
Disenfranchisement
 Disenfranchisement of African American
men was accomplished partly by poll taxes,
property tests, and literacy tests.
 A poll tax, which was adopted in Georgia,
was a fee that a voter had to pay in order to
vote.
 A voter also had to demonstrate that he
owned property.
Disenfranchisement
 Poll taxes and property tests prevented
many poor people, including African
Americans, from voting.
 Voters were required to pass a literacy test,
which determined their ability to read and
write.
 Most African Americans could not pass this
test because under slavery, they had not
been allowed to learn to read and write.
Disenfranchisement
 These laws also prevented poor,
uneducated whites from voting.
 Southern lawmakers did not want to lose the
votes of whites.
 They passed a law called the grandfather
clause.
Grandfather Clause
 The grandfather clause stated that if a
person had an ancestor who had been
allowed to vote before 1867, he was
permitted to vote.
 Since 1867 was the first year that African
Americans were allowed to vote, the
grandfather clause only helped whites.
White Primaries
 White primaries also denied African American
men the right to vote.
 A primary is an initial election in which the voters
of a political party nominate candidates.
 In many states, the Democratic Party would not
allow African Americans to be members.
 When primaries were held, only male members of
the Democratic Party, who were all white, were
allowed to participate.
Racial Violence
 Such events occurred throughout the South.
 This violence continued for decades, with
lynching becoming an increasingly common
event throughout the South.
 Race riots and the terrorist activities of the
KKK increased at this time.
 As African Americans gained more power,
whites reacted with fear and violence.
Booker T Washington
 Booker T. Washington was born into slavery.
 He grew up during Reconstruction and was
educated by a freedmen’s school.
 Washington headed the Tuskegee Institute in
1881 in Alabama.
 It was a teaching college that prepared African
Americans for agricultural and domestic work.
Booker T Washington
 His idea of accommodationism was
explained in a widely acclaimed speech at
the 1895 Cotton States and International
Exposition in Atlanta.
 The poor social, economic, and racial
conditions of African Americans concerned
him.
 He encouraged African Americans to
embrace jobs in agriculture, mechanics,
commerce, and domestic service.
Booker T Washington
 This idea was greeted happily by southern whites.
 Washington argued that, for African Americans, seeking
social equality was a mistake.
 He believed progress for African Americans would come
gradually and could not be forced.
 Called for whites to improve social and economic relations
between the races.
 His ideas of shared responsibility and the importance of
education over equality came to be known as the Atlanta
Compromise.
W. E. B. Du Bois
 There were critics of accommodationism.
 W. E. B. Du Bois, a prominent professor at
Atlanta University in 1897
 He viewed the accommodationist approach
as simply accepting the racism of southern
whites.
W. E. B. Du Bois
 Founded the Niagara movement.
 Du Bois thought that African Americans should
fight for total racial equality.
 Civil rights activists gathered at Niagara Falls to
assemble a list of demands, which included the
end of segregation and discrimination.
 Niagara movement would lead to the founding of
the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP).
John Burns Hope
 John Burns Hope devoted their time and
efforts to educating African American people.
 He embraced Du Bois’s Niagara movement
and the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP)
John Burns Hope
 John Burns Hope became the first African
American president of Morehouse College in 1906.
 Twenty-three years later he became the first
African American president of Atlanta University.
 Under his leadership, Atlanta University became
the first college in the nation to offer graduate
education for African Americans.
 Hope supported public education, healthcare, job
opportunities, and recreational facilities for African
Americans.
Lugenia Burns Hope
 Lugenia Hope was also a prominent civil rights
advocate of her time.
 She worked for many community organizations to
assist African American people in Georgia.
 Hope created the first woman-run social welfare
agency for African Americans in Georgia.
 She also was a member of the National
Association of Colored Women (NACW)
 Lugenia Burns Hope also championed universal
suffrage.
Alonzo Herndon
 Businesspeople also became civil rights
advocates during this time.
 He was involved in and supported many local
institutions and charities devoted to advancing
African American life in Atlanta.
 Herndon’s barbershops were known as the best in
America.
 Herndon established the Atlanta Mutual Insurance
Association (AMIA).
 He was one of the founders of W.E.B. Du Bois’s
Niagara movement.
Summary
 Identify the importance of the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry
Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and
the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta
Riot, and the Leo Frank Case had on Georgia during this
period.
 Explain how rights were denied to African-Americans
through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson,
disenfranchisement, and racial violence.
 Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B.
DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo
Herndon as Civil Rights Advocates.