Transcript Basic Nursing: Foundations of Skills & Concepts Chapter 14 THE LIFE CYCLE

Basic Nursing: Foundations of
Skills & Concepts
Chapter 14
THE LIFE CYCLE
Basic Concepts of
Growth and Development
Development occurs continuously
Throughout the life span.
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Growth - measurable changes in the physical size of
the body and its parts.
Development - behavioral changes in functional
abilities and skills.
Maturation - the process of becoming full grown.
Remember!
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There are no absolute rules in predicting
the exact rate of development for any
given individual.
Factors Influencing Growth and
Development
Heredity.
 Life Experiences.
 Health Status.
 Cultural Expectations.
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Major Developmental Theories
Physiological Dimension.
 Psychosocial Dimension.
 Cognitive Dimension.
 Moral Dimension.
 Spiritual Dimension.
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Psychosocial Dimension:
Self-Concept
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Self-concept is one’s perception of
oneself, including body image, selfesteem and ideal self.
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Characteristics of positive self-help include:
Self-confidence.
Willingness to take risks.
Ability to receive criticism without becoming
defensive.
Ability to adapt effectively to stressors.
Innovative problem-solving skills.
Psychosocial Dimension:
Intrapsychic Theory
Focuses on unconscious processes.
 Feelings, needs, conflicts, and drives are
considered to be motivators of behavior,
learning, and development.
 Key theorists include Sigmund Freud, Erik
Erikson, and Robert Havighurst.
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Psychosocial Dimension:
Intrapersonal Theory
Theorizes that relationships with others
influence how one’s personality develops.
 Key theorist is Harry Stack Sullivan.
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Cognitive Dimension
Key theorist is Jean Piaget, who
enumerates four phases of intellectual
development:
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Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operations
Moral Dimension
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The moral dimension consists of a person’s
value system, which helps differentiate right
from wrong.
Moral maturity is the ability to independently
decide for oneself what is “right.”
Key theorist is Lawrence Kohlberg, who
describes six stages of moral development.
Spiritual Dimension
The spiritual dimension is characterized
by a sense of personal meaning.
 Spirituality refers to relationships with
one’s self, with others, and with a higher
power or divine source.
 Key theorist is J.W. Fowler, who outlines
six distinct stages of faith development.
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Holistic Framework for Nursing
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Nursing’s holistic perspective recognizes
the progression of individual development
across the life span.
11 Developmental Stages of
The Life Cycle
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Prenatal
Neonatal
Infant
Toddler
Preschooler
School-age
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Preadolescent
Adolescent
Young adult
Middle adult
Older adult
Prenatal Period
Nursing Implications
 To teach new mothers
how to relax thereby
promoting a supportive
environment for
developing embryo and
fetus.
Wellness Promotion
 Proper Nutrition.
 Screening.
 Counseling.
 Promoting use of
alternative modalities to
reduce stress.
Neonatal Period
Nursing Implications
 In first few hours after
birth, nurse should
encourage parents to
cuddle the newborn,
explain the neonate’s
interactive abilities, and
encourage mutual eye
contact.
Wellness Promotion
 Assessing neonate’s
physiological status.
 Providing warm
environment.
 Monitoring nutritional
status.
 Conducting screening
tests.
Infancy
Nursing Implications
 Focus on safety,
prevention of infection,
and teaching parents to
incorporate child into the
family.
Wellness Promotion
 Teaching growth and
development concepts.
 Teaching benefits of
breastfeeding.
 Advocating
administration of
necessary
immunizations.
Toddler Period
Nursing Implications
 Awareness of child’s
anxiety with strangers.
 Play is effective tool for
building rapport with
children of this age.
Wellness Promotion
 Teaching proper hygiene
to prevent infections.
 Nutritional counseling.
Preschool Period
Nursing Implications
 Play is a tool that can be
used by nurses to
alleviate fear and anxiety
in children of this age.
Wellness Promotion
 Teaching health
education.
 Keeping immunization
records.
School-Age Period
Nursing Implications & Wellness
Promotion
 Cautioning against accidents.
 Health promotion teaching.
Preadolescence
Nursing Implications
 Sensitivity.
 Nonjudgmental
approach.
 Attention to body
language.
Wellness Promotion
 Information about
lifestyle: nutrition, rest.
 Teaching about
physiological changes
occurring, including
growth spurt and sexual
change.
Adolescence
Nursing Implications
 Need to encourage
adolescents to share
their health concerns
with parents, but must
honor adolescent’s
choice to withhold
sensitive information.
Wellness Promotion
 Health education
regarding hygiene,
nutrition, sex education,
developmental changes,
and substance abuse
prevention.
Young Adulthood
Nursing Implications
 This age group takes
health for granted.
Nurses must recognize
the dangers in that.
Wellness Promotion
 Fostering avoidance of
accidents, injury, and
violence.
 Advocating development
of health-promoting
behaviors.
Middle Adulthood
Nursing Implications
 Health more fragile.
Nurses can help identify
risk factors and provide
early intervention.
Wellness Promotion
 Encourage clients to
assume more
responsibility for their
own health.
 Encourage influenza and
pneumococcal
immunizations.
Older Adulthood
Nursing Implications
 To help older adults
achieve a sense of wellbeing.
 Encourage family
members to participate in
positive life review with
elderly client.
Wellness Promotion
 Aim for functional
independence.
 Promote regular physical
activity, a positive mental
attitude, and developing
and maintaining healthy
lifestyles.