Electric Vehicles 101

An Introduction By Dan Lauber Nov 13, 2009

EVs 101

Electric Vehicles 101  A Brief History  Advantages  Challenges   Meeting the Challenge EV’s Today  EV’s at MIT

EVs 101

Kinds of Electric Vehicles

Locomotives Golf Carts Fork Lifts Busses

Sources: www.umcycling.com/mbtabus.html

, GE, Toyota

Nuclear Submarines EVs 101 Elevators

Kinds of Electric Cars

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Solar Racer Hybrid Neighborhood Electric

Sources: Honda, Toyota, GEM, MIT

MIT CityCar EVs 101 Full-Size Battery Electric

History of EV’s  1830’s  Battery electric vehicle invented by Thomas Davenport, Robert Anderson, others - using non-rechargeable batteries  Davenport’s car holds all vehicle land speed records until ~1900  1890’s  EV’s outsold gas cars 10 to 1, Oldsmobile and Studebaker started as EV companies  1904  First speeding ticket, issued to driver of an EV  Krieger Company builds first hybrid vehicle  1910’s  Mass-produced Ford cars undercut hand-built EV’s  EV’s persist as status symbols and utility vehicles until Great Depression Source: http://www.eaaev.org/History/index.html

EVs 101 Ford Electric #2 Detroit Electric

1968 – Great Electric Car Race    Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech 53 charging stations, spaced 60 mi apart MIT’s car used $20k of NiCd batteries ($122k in 2008 dollars), CalTech’s cost $600

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1970 - Clean Air Car Race  50+ cars raced from MIT to Caltech using many alternative powertrains  CalTech – Regenerative braking  Boston Electric Car Club – Battery Swapping  Toronto University – Parallel hybrid design very similar to modern Prius architecture  MIT – Series hybrid and electrically commutated motor Sources: see http://mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html

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1990’s – EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car?

AKA: Would you have bought it? REALLY?      Program cost > $1bn 800 units leased $574/mo. Lease without state rebates 2 seats 80-140 mi. range

MSRP Real Pricetag

(estimated)

GM’s actual cost

per vehicle leased $33,999 $80,000+ $1,250,000 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1

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What is an EV?

And how does it work?

EVs 101

Electrification

Conventional Fuel Engine Transmission Hybrid Battery Fuel Motor/ Generator Engine Transmission EVs 101 Battery Electric Battery Motor/ Generator Transmission

Degrees of Hybridization

If it…

Automatically stops/starts the engine in stop-and-go traffic Uses regenerative braking and operates above 60 volts Uses an electric motor to assist a combustion engine Can drive at times using only the electric motor Recharges batteries from a wall outlet for extended all-electric range

The vehicle is a….

Micro Hybrid Mild Hybrid Full Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid

Citroën C3 Honda Insight Efficiency Source: http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html

Toyota Prius

EVs 101

Chevy Volt

Energy Loss : City Driving Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance 2005 3 L Toyota Camry

Standby 8% Fuel Tank 100% Engine 16% Driveline 13% Engine Loss 76% POWERTRAIN Driveline Losses 3% EVs 101 Aero 3% Rolling 4% Braking 6% VEHICLE-Related

Energy Loss : Highway Driving Highway Drive Cycle Energy Balance 2005 3 L Toyota Camry

Standby 0% Fuel Tank: 100% Engine 23% Driveline 19% Engine Loss 77% POWERTRAIN Driveline Losses 4% EVs 101 Aero 10% Rolling 7% Braking 2% VEHICLE-Related

Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems

Micro Hybrid Eliminates Fuel Tank: 100% Standby 8% Engine 16% Driveline 13% Engine Loss 76% Driveline Losses 3% Full Hybrid Reduces Plug-in

•Engine downsizing •Decoupling of engine and wheel •Can eliminate engine entirely

EVs 101 Mild Hybrid Reduces Aero 3% Rolling 4% Braking 6%

Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance

Batteries 100% Motor 90% Driveline 76% Motor Loss 10% POWERTRAIN Driveline Losses 14% Aero 29% Rolling 35% Braking 11% VEHICLE-Related EVs 101

Well-to-Wheels Efficiency

Well-to-Tank Generation 33% Transmission 94% 31% Tank-to-Wheels Plug-to-Wheels 76% 23% 31% 76% = 23% Refining 82%

Source: http://www.nesea.org

80% Transmission 98% 80% Pump-to-Wheels 16% 13% 16% EVs 101

[http://www.nesea.org/]]

= 13%

How PHEV’s Work  All-electric range  Get home with exactly no battery left  Charge-sustaining mode [Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008]

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Technical

EVs 101

What is an EPA rating?

   Conditions  Drive cycle: e.g. city or highway cycle, real world, or constant speed 

Test temperature

 Start: (warm or cold) Fuel: convert to gasoline-equivalent  Test mass: (accounts for passengers and cargo) MPGe rating PHEV’s

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Terminology

     

State of charge (SOC)

 Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity

Depth of Discharge (DOD)

 The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged

Capacity

 The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC

Energy

 The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC

Specific Energy (Wh/kg)

 The total Watt-hours (Wh) per unit mass

Specific Power

 Maximum power (Watts) that the battery can provide per unit mass, function of internal resistance of battery

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Benefits

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Benefits of EVs and PHEVs   Simpler transmission, fewer moving parts  More efficient, lower fuel costs, lower emissions Fuel Choice   Oil/energy independence Emissions improve with time  Emissions at few large locations is easier to control than millions of tailpipes

EVs 101

V2G (Vehicle to Grid) Technology      Allows communication between utility and vehicle Allow integration of more renewables like wind Used EV batteries could be used as stationary batteries for utilities With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing electricity sales and expensive renewable energy generation mandated, EVs could be a welcome new segment for utilities  They could still be a nightmare Batteries could provide ancillary services Source: McKinsey

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Night-time Charging 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 7:12 AM 12:00 PM 4:48 PM

Peak wind power production

9:36 PM 2:24 AM 7:12 AM

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12:00 PM

Electricity Sources

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Power Grid Capacity

 When BEV’s represent 20% of the vehicle market, they comprise only 2% of the power market Source: McKinsey, Mike Khusid

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Operating Costs Battery Electric Vehicle On-board energy consumption Charging Efficiency Electricity consumption Electricity Cost

Driving Cost (electricity only)

300 Wh/mile 90% 333 Wh/mile 10 cents/mile

3.3 cents/mile

At 15,000 miles/year, you would save $700/year on fuel The estimated price range for advanced batteries is $500 - $1,000 per kWh Conventional Gasoline Vehicle Fuel economy Fuel Cost

Driving Cost (fuel only)

25 MPG $2.00/gallon

8.0 cents/mile

~ buying 1 kWh of battery energy (~3 miles of electric range) each year

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CO2 Emissions

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Biofuels vs. Biomass, Solar

 Biomass Electricity about 80% more efficient than Biofuel  Solar Panels to charge a car would fit on your roof.

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Challenges

Why don’t they catch on? A conspiracy?

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Gasoline: The (almost) perfect fuel

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

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Energy Equivalency

Gas 1 Gallon 135 MJ of energy Batteries 21 Li-ion batteries (Car battery size) 2.7 kg EVs 101 340 kg 54 gal

Challenges   Long Charge times  Limited Range  Large battery weight/size High initial cost  Battery life   Consumer acceptance Grid Integration

EVs 101

Operating Costs

  In Europe, $60/barrel oil is enough, In the US, $4/gal gas is needed to be price competitive

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Addressing customer perception  Accepting limited range  Most people drive less than 40 mi/day  Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway  Smaller vehicles & reduced performance  In the last 30 years, nearly 100% of efficiency improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size and performance, not reducing consumption  How do you get people to charge at the right time?

Source: On the Road in 2035, Heywood, et.al.

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Meeting the Challenges

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Range Anxiety

 Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/

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Better Place Model

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Business plan like that of mobile phone Better Place owns the batteries, the consumer pays for energy (miles) Plan includes charging stations and battery swapping So far:

Israel, Denmark Australia, California, Hawaii, and Canada 100,000 charging stations planned for Hawaii by 2012

Rapid Charging     Batteries  Altairnano  A123 Balance of system Rapid Charge Stations – Don’t need many Refueling a car is ~10MW going through your hand

EVs 101

Batteries

  Recycling – 90% recoverable  Lithium sources  We’re not Lithium constrained  Abundant  Recyclable Extending battery life  Battery management systems  Weight/Volume reductions  Alternative chemistries

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Battery Cost : Learning Curves Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve

EVs 101

Initial Cost  Companies that sell cars, but lease the batteries  Leases like Power Purchase Agreements  Split operating cost savings with financer  Charging Infrastructure  Charging subscription plans

EVs 101

2008 Federal Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit

$14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000 $0 0.0

Tax Credit Value Battery Cost (Low) Battery Cost (Mid) Battery Cost (High) Electric Range (Estimate)

5.0

10.0

15.0

Battery Energy (kWh) 20.0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 25.0

0 EVs 101

Adoption Rate of EV’s Source: Thomas Becker, UC Berkeley, 2009

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Looking Forward

       Tipping point will be ~2020 when 10% of vehicles sold will be BEV’s Battery cost: ~$700-$1,500 / kWh, down to $420 by 2015, but still too high.

Price Premium  PHEV40  $11,800 > ICE EV100 $24,100 > ICE Long-term PHEV’s will beat out HEV’s PHEV’s likely to dominate BEVs A 30-50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2035 *Heywood 47% reduction by 2030 *McKinsey Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve ; http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/mckinsey-looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html

EVs 101

EVs NOW

When can I get one?

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EV’s Today

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Tesla Roadster

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Top speed: Acceleration: Range: MSRP: 125 mph 0-60 in 3.7 sec 244 mi $110,000

EV’s Available Soon Fisker Karma (PHEV50) $87,900 Delivery 2010

Tesla Model S

$57,400 Delivery ~2012 2011 Chevy Volt (PHEV40) $40,000

EVs 101

EV’s Available Soon

2010 Mitsubishi I MIEV $24,000 (Japan)

Th!nk City

~$25,000 (europe) 2010 Nissan Leaf $25,000 (30 min charge) 2010 Aptera 2e ~$25,000 (PHEV100)

EVs 101 And many others…

@MIT

EVs Around the Institute

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MIT Electric Vehicle Team (EVT)     Porsche elEVen eMoto TTXGP

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MIT EVT

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MIT Vehicle Design Summit

      Student team working towards a 100+ mpg vehicle Series hybrid architecture Lightweight body and chassis Life cycle cost analysis and minimization Shared use model for transportation efficiency Contact Anna Jaffe, [email protected]

EVs 101

MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team

    Founded in 1985 Design, build and race solar cars Just placed 2 nd 10 th in the World Solar Challenge mitsolar.com

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MIT Vehicle Stuff

       EVT SEVT Vehicle Design Summit Transportation @ MIT Sloan Lab Seminars Media Lab – City Car, course Spinoffs  A123  Solectria  Genasun

EVs 101

Thank You

 “No single technology development or alternative fuel can solve the problems of growing transportation fuel use and GHG emissions.” – John Heywood  Dan Lauber – [email protected]

http:// mit.edu/evt

EVs 101