8 Measurement 變數測量 (構念的操作化) 中央大學.資訊管理系

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Transcript 8 Measurement 變數測量 (構念的操作化) 中央大學.資訊管理系

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Measurement 變數測量
(構念的操作化)
中央大學.資訊管理系
范錚強
mailto: [email protected]
2011.04 updated
Learning Objectives
Understand . . .
The distinction between measuring objects,
properties, and indicants of properties.
The similarities and differences between the four
scale types used in measurement and when each is
used.
The four major sources of measurement error.
The criteria for evaluating good measurement.
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Why Measurement Is Important
“If you can’t measure it, you can’t
manage it.”
Bob Donath,
Bob Donath and Co, Inc
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Measurements Will Vary
Over Time
“The only man who behaved sensibly was
my tailor; he took my measurement anew
every time he saw me, while all the rest
went on with their old measurements and
expected them to fit me.”
George Bernard Shaw
playwright and essayist
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11-4
Measurement
Selecting
measurable phenomena
Developing a set of
mapping rules
Applying the mapping rule
to each phenomenon
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Characteristics of Measurement
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Types of Scales
Nominal
(男、女);(製造業、服務業)
Ordinal
(大、中、小)
interval
(溫度)
Ratio
(長度; 速度)
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Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Classification
Ordinal
interval
Ratio
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Nominal Scales
Mutually exclusive and
collectively exhaustive
categories
Exhibits the classification
characteristic only
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Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Classification
Classification
Order
interval
Ratio
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Ordinal Scales
Characteristics of
nominal scale plus an
indication of order
Implies statement of
greater than and less
than
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Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Classification
Ordinal
Classification
Order
interval
Classification
Order
Distance
Ratio
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Interval Scales
Characteristics of
nominal and ordinal
scales plus the concept
of equality of interval.
Equal distance exists
between numbers
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Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Classification
Ordinal
Classification
Order
interval
Classification
Order
Distance
Ratio
Classification
Order
Distance
Natural Origin
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Ratio Scales
Characteristics of
previous scales plus
an absolute zero point
Examples
Weight
Height
Number of children
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Moving from
Investigative to
Measurement
Questions
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Sources of Error
Respondent
Situation
Measurer
Instrument
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Evaluating Measurement Tools
Validity
Criteria
Reliability
Practicality
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Validity Determinants
在一個構念經由多個外顯 (manifest) 項目來測
量之下,有以下效度
Content
Criterion
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Construct
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理論驗證
構念層次
X
因果關係:實徵支持
學說:因果關係
Y
操作化
操作化
x
因果、共變關係
統計結論
y
測量
誤差
操弄、測量
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實質層次
誤差
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構念效度的種類
Construct Validity 構念效度
測量工具是否在整體上,反映了該理論構念
Face Validity 表面效度
每一個外顯項目都和所測量的構念相關
Content Validity 內容效度
所有外顯項目合在一起,涵蓋所測量的構念
Convergent Validity 收斂效度
用不同測量工具來衡量同一構念,結果需要收斂
Discriminant validity區別效度
用相同測量工具來衡量不同構念,結果需要能被區別
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Increasing Face and Content
Validity
Literature
Search
Content
Expert
Interviews
Etc.
Question
Database
Group
Interviews
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Multi-trait Multi-method Matrix
Correlations Matrix
用同一個方法來衡量不同
的構念
用不同方法來衡量同一個
構念
對角線用 Cronbach’s alpha 取代
內部一致性 (ca) 係數要比Heteromethod Mono-trait (hm) 係數高
hm 係數要比 mh/hh 係數高
mh 和 hh 係數的三角形 pattern
要相同
M1 M1 M1 M2 M2 M2
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
M1T1 ca
M1T2 mh ca
M1T3 mh mh ca
M2T1 hm hh hh ca
M2T2 hh hm hh mh ca
M2T3 hh hh hm mh mh ca
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構念效度的種類2
Nomological Validity 法理效度
the degree to which a construct behaves as it should within a system of
related constructs called a nomological set.
Criterion validity 效標效度
若已經驗證的理論中,X 影響 Y。建構的新測量工具衡量 X 的時候,
其結果需要能預測 Y
Concurrent validity同步效度
用該工具與另一個之前已經驗證過的工具來測量,兩者的結果應該
要高度相關
Predictive validity 預測效度
用該工具測量出來的結果,應該能夠預測之前已經驗證過的工具測
量的結果
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Validity Determinants
Content
Construct
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Increasing Construct Validity
New measure of trust
Known measure of trust
Empathy
Credibility
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Validity Determinants
Content
Criterion
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Construct
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Judging Criterion Validity
Relevance
Freedom from bias
Criterion
Reliability
Availability
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信度 Reliability
測量工具的穩定度、可靠度
重測信度、折半信度、複本信度
測量工具的內部一致性
項目間的信度(e.g. Cronbach a)
評分員間的信度
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Understanding Validity and Reliability
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Reliability Estimates
Stability
Internal
Consistency
Equivalence
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信度相關的名稱
Internal consistency reliability: 內部一致性
Inter-rater reliability: 評分員之間的一致性
Test-retest reliability: 再測信度
用同一測量工具對同一個受測對象測量,結果之間的一致性(包含評
分員內部 Intra-rater reliability )
Inter-method reliability: 用不同測量工具對同一個受測對象測量,
結果之間的一致性
Parallel-forms reliability/ Duplicate-forms reliability: 複本信度
同上,採用不同份題目(常使用在考試)
Split-half reliability: 折半信度
考試題目,前後半的一致性
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Practicality
Economy
Convenience
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Interpretability
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測量理論 Measurement Theory
所有測量,必然影響受測量標的的行為表現
衡量人的任何行為,必然影響其行為表現
衡量學生的成績,會使他們用功,因而影響成績
衡量高速公路上的車速,會使他們在合法速度下
行進
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