Transcript Document 7154637

First Aid
Borys Lokay
Road accidents
Plane accidents
Natural disasters
Earth quakes
Train accidents
Floods & tsunami
Avalanches
Hurricanes & tornadoes
What to do in an emergency?
1.
Assess the situation - DO NOT PUT
YOURSELF IN DANGER!

Check the scene for hazards and unsafe
conditions (hazardous material, unstable
ground or vehicles, violence, falling,
rockfall, severe cold exposure, flooding
etc.). Train yourself to look for hazards at
an accident scene

Can you make the scene safe or do you
require help? (police, power company, gas
company, HazMat etc.)
What to do in an emergency?
 Can
you stabilize the equipment or
machinery?
 The
accident Scene MUST BE SAFE
FOR YOU
 You
can’t help anyone if you become a
victim!
What to do in an emergency?
2.
Make the area safe
3.
Assess all casualties and attend first
to any unconscious casualties
4.
Send for help - do not delay
5.
Start to provide first aid for the
victims
Start first aid only after ensuring safety (the victim's AND yours)
“A dead rescuer never did anyone any good”
Universal Precautions (BSI)

Body Substance Isolation
Latex or Vinyl Gloves
 One Way Breathing Mask
 Eye protection


Why?
HIV / AIDS
 HBV

Do not dismiss U.P. because you know the person
STEP 1: PRIMARY SURVEY

Does the person respond? Tap or gently shake
the victim. Shout loudly, "Are you OK?". Of
course, if you ask a victim 'Are you alright?' and
get a 'No, dammit, I think I've broken my ankle'
then you can guess that airway and breathing
are OK and he/she is conscious

If there is no response, your priorities are to:
 shout for help/call emergency;
 check for signs of life (ABC - Airways,
Breathing, Circulation) without moving the
victim
 if it’s impossibly, turn the victim face up
carefully, trying to keep his/her head and
neck on one axis with torso
ABC
A (Airway)
To open the airway:


place your hand on the casualty's forehead
and gently tilt the head back;
lift the chin with two fingertips
B (Breathing)
Look, listen and feel for normal
breathing from 3 to 5 seconds:



look for chest movement;
listen at the casualty's mouth for breath
sounds;
feel for air on your cheek
ABC
B (Breathing)
If you can’t determine any signs of
breathing:


make 2 rescue breathings, observing the
chest’s moving
if you feel that the air doesn’t pass into
victim’s lungs, it means that airways are
obstructed
C (Circulation)
Carotid Pulse, 5 to 10 Seconds
Recovery position

If the victim is unresponsive, has an open
airway, and is breathing spontaneously, turn the
victim onto his or her side (recovery position)
with the victim's hand in front

Be aware of the potential for nerve and vessel
injury if the victim lies on one arm for a
prolonged period; it may be necessary to roll the
victim to the other side
If victim’s airways are obstructed:











kneel, striding the victim’s hips;
place one hand on top of the other between the navel and
the rib cage;
give 5 abdominal thrusts (from behind to forward and
from the top to down) to dislodge any object blocking the
airway (if the victim is a pregnant woman you have to
give 5 thrusts on sternum);
remove obstructing material;
check for breathing;
if you detect no signs of breathing begin rescue breathing
again;
repeat this actions till the airways becomes passable;
recheck the pulse every minute
if the victim has the pulse, provide rescue breathings till
he/she begins breathe independently;
as soon as breathing returns, place the person in the
recovery position
if the victim’s heart doesn’t beat start the CPR
IMMEDIATELY after the airways becomes passable
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)

tilt the head back, lift the chin with two fingertips

make 2 rescue breathings

place the heel of one hand on the sternum
approximately 2 cm above of xiphoid process
and the heel of the other one directly on top of
the first

with your arms straight, lean over the person and
press straight down on the breastbone so it goes
down 4-5 cm. After the each compression, allow the
chest rise completely before repeating

make 30 chest compressions at the rate of 100 per
minute
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)

Check for presence of breathing and pulse every 2-3 minutes

Repeat all cycle until emergency help arrives, or the person
takes the breath or starts to move, or until you are too
exhausted to continue

When breathing and heart beating returns, place the person
in recovery position
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
There are few differences between CPR for adults, for children
from 1 to 8 years old and for infants less than 1 year:

CPR for children from 1 to 8 years old:



you place on the breastbone the heel of ONE hand and perform
compressions on the depth of 3 cm
rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults (app. 2/3 –
1/2 of adult’s lung capacity)
CPR for infants less than 1 year:


you place on the breastbone only 2 fingers 1 cm below the line
between the nipples and perform compressions on the depth of
2 cm
rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults and
children (app. 1/3 – 1/4 of adult’s lung capacity)
CPR for children
CPR for infants
Choking
Choking occurs when food or a foreign object obstructs the throat
and interferes with normal breathing.
If the victim can speak or cough forcibly and is getting sufficient
air, do not interfere with his attempts to cough the obstruction
from his throat.
If victim cannot speak or is not getting sufficient air, have
someone call emergency while you perform abdominal thrusts
Choking
(Heimlich maneuver)
Stand directly behind the victim and
wrap your arms around his stomach
Make a fist with one hand and place
that fist just above the navel and well
below the ribs, with the thumb and
forefinger side toward you
Choking
Grasp this fist with the other hand and
pull it quickly toward you with an
inward and slightly upward thrust.
Repeat if necessary
If the victim becomes unconscious:
Lay the victim on his back
If the object is visible, use your forefinger to
reach deeply into the victim's mouth (along
the inside of the cheek) and try to sweep the
obstruction out of the victim's throat. (This
step should be performed only on someone 9
years of age or older)
Even if this is not successful, attempt rescue
breathing
If rescue breathing is not working due to the
obstruction, sit straddling the victim's thighs
and perform abdominal thrusts by pushing
onto the victim above the naval below the
ribs with the heel of the hand five times
from this position
Choking (for infants)
 Place the victim's head in a downward position on the
rescuer's forearm with the head and neck stabilized
 With the heel of the rescuer's hand, administer five rapid
back blows between the victim's shoulder blades
 If the obstruction remains, turn the victim face up and
rest on a firm surface
 Deliver five rapid thrusts over the breastbone using two
fingers
 If the victim is still not breathing normally, administer
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as specified for an infant
 Repeat the above steps as necessary. If the obstruction
cannot be removed, call for medical help immediately
Severe bleeding
 Apply direct pressure to the wound
 Manual pressure on gauze or other cloth placed over the bleeding
source. If bleeding continues, do not remove the gauze; add more
gauze on top and apply more pressure
 An elastic bandage firmly wrapped over gauze to hold it in place
with pressure
 Raise and support the injured part (unless broken)
 If the bleeding is very serious, apply pressure to the nearest major
pressure point. Only use the pressure points if elevation and direct
pressure haven't controlled the bleeding
 Never use a tourniquet except in response to an extreme emergency, such
as a amputated arm or leg
Thank You!