Transcript Document 7148378

First
Estate: clergy
› higher clergy (wealthy families,
luxury)
› lower clergy (middle/lower
classes)
Second
Estate: nobility
› highest offices in gvt. &
army
› very well off, but often
jealous of King
Third
Estate: peasants,
workers, mid. class
› Carried tax burden; hardest
working
› middle class: bourgeoisie
(next slide)
Middle
class of Third Estate
› merchants, bankers, doctors,
lawyers
Money & Educations, but w/o
noble bloodlines
Philosophes
greatly influenced
them
› Challenged nobility & clergy
as natural leaders
(Enlightenment)
Sick of paying all of the taxes
Pushed Revolution forward
XVI calls meeting EstatesGeneral
Delegates Third Estate insist on
equal vote in Estates-General
Louis XVI refuses & closes
doors
Louis
Third
Estate: meets on palace
tennis court insisted France
adopt Constitution
› called themselves National
Assembly
› Tennis Court Oath
Louis
XVI ordered other 2
Estates join
› also calls in 18,000 troops
to Paris
LOUIS
XVI
Parisians
› food shortages,
unemployment, high prices
› worried about 18,000 soldiers
› worried about National
Assembly
 Charged
the prison
› over 100 Parisians killed
› warden & mayor killed (heads
paraded)
 July 14, 1789 Bastille Day
› most important holiday in
France
Major
Reforms
› feudalism abolished
› Catholic Church: no longer
collect taxes
› all positions in Church, Army,
& Govt open to all citizens
regardless of birth
› Declaration of Rights of Man
› Constitution of 1791
› adult males granted suffrage
(vote)
DECLARATION
OF THE
RIGHTS OF MAN
Slogan of French
Revolution
 JACOBINS
(THE MOUNTAIN)
› RADICAL REVOLUTIONARIES
› ROBESPIERRE & DANTON
› FIRED UP SANS-CULOTTES
 GIRONDISTS
› REPS FROM OUTSIDE OF PARIS
Women
march to Versailles
› Demand bread
Men
soon follow
Louis, Antoinette, & family
forced to Paris
 Louis
XVI & family attempt to flee
 Divisions grow between
Bourgeoisie
 France declares war on Austria
› Austria warns citizens not to
harm royals
› King & Marie Antoinette killed
nearly
all of Europe joins in
War effort
Jacobins take over war effort
Conscription: People’s Army
formed
› 1 million strong
Brissot=Girondin
leader
Assembly
Danton=Jacobin leader of club
Robespierre=Jacobin lawyer
Marat=Jacobin writer
GUILLOTINE
Guillotine
Robespierre:
leader of Jacobins
› creates program to silence critics
Committee of Public Safety
› 1793-1794: 29,000 killed by the
big G…
› many thrown in jail w/o trial; many
die
› guillotine = symbol of Revolution
› Robespierre arrested & chopped
› moderates (Girondists) take over once
again
 INCREDIBLE
people’s movement
 Promoted individual rights & liberties
 Abolished feudalism & slavery
Introduced
new style of warfare
› Citizen’s army (conscription =
the draft)
› TOTAL WAR: whole nation
unites in war
men & women all ages,
everyone has role
 Spirit of nationalism (pride)
 Economic
& social problems continue
 Led campaigns in Austria & Egypt
› soldiers found Rosetta Stone (hieroglyphics)
 Coup
Successful: placed a popular general
in charge (Napoleon)
 Napoleon attempted to replace Directory
› Unsuccessful: so he drove it out w/ force
I wonder if I can
take this horse
off some sweet
jumps?
 Napoleon
needs approval of
bourgeoisie
› his policies reflected this
 Promoted trade, created new jobs,
lowered prices on food, stablized
money
 Recognized
land taken during
Revolution
› peasants & workers keep stolen
land
 Allowed 2nd Estate comeback
w/o punishment (emigres)
Napoleon
signs treaties with Sp.
& Port.
Soon wars break out (balance of
power)
› Austria, Prussia, & Russia
› Napoleon woops ‘em (making
France #1)
 Napoleon
controls nearly all of
Europe
 Then Trafalgar: next slide
ARC DE
TRIOMPHE
Britain
blockaded French ports
› Britain seized French ships
 Napoleon
ships
attacks & loses ½ his
 British
lose 0
 British: Horatio Nelson
 Napoleon gives up on plans to
invade Britain. Tries something
else
Napoleon
sets up Continental
System
› Defeat England= no English
imports into Europe
› didn’t work
› People smuggled & traded w/
colonies
› Portugal doesn’t use
Continental System
Napoleon conquers Portugal &
Spain; puts brother in charge
Based
on Declaration of Rights of
Man
› NO feudalism & class privilege
› Freedom of all religions
› Protect property rights
› Individual liberties & natural
rights
› Each state given constitution &
Parliament
› Free public education for all
 Napoleon spreads Enlightenment
ideals all over Europe
Russia
traded w/ Britain
› violated Continental System
Napoleon organizes Grand Army
› 614,000 soldiers
 Russians
slowly retreated; burned
everything
 Napoleon
to Moscow (nothing
left)
 Harsh winter, disease, starvation,
& desertion forced Napoleon to
retreat
 Less than 40,000 soldiers survived
campaign
As
Napoleon retreats, united
front of nations declare war on
France
“Battle of Nations”
› Napoleon abdicated, sent to
Elba
› Louis XVIII placed in power
 Quadruple
Alliance
 Prussia, Russia, Austria, & Great
Britain
› prevent France from conquering
Europe
 Napoleon escapes from Elba
ELBA
Napoleon
lands French coast w/
1000 men
Louis XVIII sends troops to
capture him
Napoleon arrives in Paris w/
overwhelming acceptance
Quadruple
Alliance prepares
itself for war
Napoleon’s troops crushed at
Waterloo
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena;
dies there
EMPORER
NAPOLEON
Positives:
› Established education as priority
› Compromised with Church
› Promoted ideals of Revolution
› Enlightenment ideals spread across
Europe
Natural rights
 Negatives:
› ignored many individual
freedoms
No: free elections, free
press, heavy war taxes, took
title of emperor, the draft
Idea
(Goals)
Struggle
(Challenges
Government)
Mass Upheaval
(Restructure)
Oppression
Revolt
(Work toward Goals)
This process is uncontrollable
 There must be a someone to assume role of
"Liberator-Hero“
 Key Enlightenment ideals

› Popular sovereignty, individual freedom, political
and legal equality, and the social contract
Mercantile (trade) policies of Great Britain
 Dependence status of colonies symbolized by
“no taxation without representation”
 Enlightenment ideas

Noncompliance of British laws
 Retaliation by the British
 Protests: boycotts, violence, letters, and
declarations to the British Crown
 Cycle of rising protests and reprisals
 Declaration of Independence, 1776
 Alliances with Britain’s enemies
 Peace Treaty, 1783

Establishment of the United States of America
in 1776
 Recognition by other nations and finally the
British
 Loss of territory and revenues by the British

Long Term effects of rule by absolute
monarchy
 Policies of Louis XVI
 National debt and financial collapse
 Privileges assigned to the nobility; abuses

Privileges assigned to the Roman Catholic
Church; abuses
 Rise of the bourgeoisie; rivalry for power with
nobles and Church
 Conditions of peasants; series of poor harvests
 Conditions of urban workers, sans culottes
 Enlightenment ideas; philosophes

Four Stages
Aristocrats challenge king
 Bourgeoisie challenge voting process in
Estates-General
 Popular revolution, the people in the cities,
Paris, especially; support the bourgeoisie
 Peasants in the countryside; support the
revolution in Paris

French Republic: National Convention
Directory
 Unsolved Problems:
› Continuing war with Great Britain, Austria
› Corrupt politicians
› Bread riots
› Anger over policies related to the Church
› Growing royalist support
National Assembly
Formal abolition of feudalism
 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
 Revocation of privileges of the Roman Catholic
Church; reorganization of the Church under the
state
 Set up limited monarchy

National Convention
Abolished the monarchy and the aristocracy
 Extended voting rights to more but not all male
citizens

Committee of Public Safety

Reign of Terror (Jacobin Club)
Directory
5-man council, absolute power
Napoleon asked to assume power
