Transcript Growth and Development of Infants
Growth and Development of Infants
Baby Pictures
Baby Polar Bear Adult Polar Bear
Puppy
Baby Pictures
Adult Dog
Patterns of Physical Development
Head to toe
Lift head to see object Muscle control: pick up Walk towards
Near to far: trunk outward Wave arms Grab with palm of hand Pick up with thumb and fingers
Simple to complex Eating with fingers Spoon and fork
Weight
Lose some after birth 1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months 1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months • • Birth weight: Doubled by 6 month Tripled by 1 yr 20-22 lbs: avg wt of 1 yr old Heredity, feeding habits, and physical activity
Height
Avg newborn =20 inches Avg 1 year =30 inches Heredity: influences height more than weight
Proportion
Large: head and abdomen Short/small: arms and legs Head grows rapidly b/c brain development Soft spots allow head to grow and close
Soft Spots
1
st
Year Physical Developments
Sight: Improves Rapidly
Blurry at first, within week can focus on object 7-10 inches away 1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away
By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an adult Prefer patterns with high contrast and faces alternating stripes, bull’s eyes Prefer color red
Depth Perception
2nd month: recognize that object is three-dimensional, not flat
Hand-Eye Coordination
Develop hand-eye coordination:
Move hands and fingers in relation to what is seen
3-4 months: reach for what they see
Essential for:
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Eating
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Catching a ball
•
Coloring
•
Tying shoes
Hearing
develops before birth At birth, can tell general direction sound is coming from Prefer human voice soothing voice calms loud voice alarms
Smell and Taste
Within 10 days can tell mom’s smell Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks old show preference for sweet taste Learn about world by using mouth
Voice
Cry becomes softer as lungs mature Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords Tongue and mouth interior change making speech development possible
Teeth
Begin to develop in 6 th week of pregnancy Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of age Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months) Teething can be painful process Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for liquid, coughing, and fever how to help minor teething pain: teething biscuits or rubber teething rings rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily teething medication
Motor Skills
Abilities that depend on use and control of muscles Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, social, emotional, and physical development Control head by 1 month 2-3 months can lift their chest By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for learning
Activity
Make a list of 3-5 toys and/or activities that help develop hand-eye coordination for infants up to 1 year old.
Provide colored illustrations for each toy or activity.
3-5 colored illustrations
The Developing Brain
Structure of the Brain
The brain receives and interprets messages from the body, so it is key for intellectual development The brain is divided into different sections that control specific functions of the body
Parts of the Brain
Cerebrum- receives information from senses, directs motor activities Speech, memory, and problem solving Occur in outer layer called cortex Thalamus- connect spinal cord and cerebrum Expressions and emotions Cerebellum- controls muscular coordination and balance
Parts of the Brain continued
Spinal Cord- transmits info from the body to the brain; vice versa Brain Stem- controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure Pituitary Gland- secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual development
How the Brain Works
Neurons sprout arms called dendrites and axons Reach toward other neurons, but never touch Tiny gaps called synapses; this is where messages are sent from one neuron to another Neurotransmitters are released by axons to attach to other dendrites The more times the same axon and dendrite connect, the stronger the connection grows and messages are sent more quickly
How the Brain Becomes Organized The more arms neurons grow and the more links that develop between different neurons, the more paths the brain has More paths equal more power and flexibility Organization of brain grow’s on child’s experiences The group of neurons becomes linked together and controls a particular task
How the Brain Becomes Organized continued Connections of neurons can be broken Connections can be lost and others added at the same time Developments have an impact on the appearance of the brain
Speeding the Brain’s Work
Myelin makes it easier for axons to transmit signals, it speeds their work All axons are not coated when a baby is born, only those that control basic instincts Axons become coated as a child grows Axons that control motor abilities, vision, and hearing receive coating first
Rules to Build a Brain By
Keep it simple and natural Rich environment- lots of loving interaction and talking Match experiences to the child’s mental capacities Learn by physical experiences Practice makes perfect Repetition
Rules to Build a Brain By continued Make sure the child is actively involved Learn by doing Provide variety, but avoid overloading Give range of experiences, avoid being overwhelmed Avoid pushing the child Learn better if emotionally involved
Is the Brain Only Organized Once?
1 st year of life is not the only time that the brain can become organized Children who have suffered brain damage can learn to speak Older people who have a stroke- where neurons die in one part of the brain- can relearn skills by using another part of the brain
Brainstorming Activity
Name some activities that promote the growth of connections in the brain of infants.
Next, draw a picture of the brain using page 261. Label each part of the brain and their function.
Handling and Feeding Infants
Gentle Handling of an Infant
Never shake a baby Shaken baby syndrome- when someone severely shakes the baby usually to make them stop crying Damages the brain Learning problems Mental retardation Blindness Deafness death
Gentle Handling of an Infant continued Safe ways to handle a stressful situation with crying: Put baby down in a safe place and calm down Ask a friend or relative to care for the baby Take deep breaths Talk out your problems
How to Handle a Newborn Safely Refer to diagram on page 269 of “The Developing Child”
Feeding Methods
Feeding a Baby
First few weeks, 6-8 times a day Breastfed babies tend to eat more often 2 nd or 3 rd month, once every 3-4 hours When a baby reaches 12 pounds, he will sleep through the night because the stomach can hold more food
Feeding Methods
Breast milk or formula during the 1 st year No cow’s milk until 1 year
How to Feed with a Bottle
Hold baby is semi-upright position Support neck and head with the head held above the stomach Hold the bottle at an angle Prevents swallowing air Never prop a bottle Choking hazard, tooth decay, digestive problems
Bottle Warming
Formula does not have to be served warm Never heat a bottle in the microwave Can cause hot spots Heat bottle in a pan of water on the stove Run under hot water Use a bottle warmer Check the temperature by shaking a few drops on your wrist
Sanitation
Throw left over formula in the bottle away Wash and sterilize all bottles and bottle parts after each use Boiling water Dishwasher Both eliminate bacteria contamination
Burping a Baby
Burping helps expel air the baby swallowed You should burp a baby once during feeding and once after
Types of Formula
Powder, concentrate, ready to feed (RTF)
Powder
Mix with water 1 scoop per 2 oz water Make on needed basis
Concentrate
Dilute with water 1 can formula with 1 can water Use within 24 hours
RTF
No mixing required More expensive Use within 24 hours
How much formula?
55 calories/pound each day Standard formula: 20 calories per ounce Example: How many ounces does a 12 pound baby need each day?
Breastfeeding Basics
http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breastfeeding.htm
Why Breastfeed?
Healthy Free Bonding Natural Builds immune system Mom burns more calories and loses weight quicker
How long should you breastfeed?
Recommend 1 st 6 months First milk- colostrum High in fat, protein, antibodies 20 minutes on each breast Feed on demand 5-6 wet diapers 3-4 dirty diapers http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast Feeding-Positions.htm
Nutrition
Avoid gassy foods: Broccoli, green leafy vegetables, spicy foods Avoid alcohol “pump and dump” Mom’s diet becomes baby’s diet
Video Clips and Pictures
http://www.ameda.com/breastpumping/videos/po pup_video.aspx?id=LatchOnEnglish http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_vi deo_4_bf_positions.html
http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_vi deos/18_how_baby_sounds_bfing.html
http://similac.com/feeding-nutrition/diaper decoder
Breastfeeding vs Breast Pump
http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast-Feeding-Positions.htm
Pumping is an alternative to breast feeding Use manual or electric pump Hand express Some babies cannot latch on Mother feels uncomfortable
Storage
Room temp 6-10 hrs Refrigerator 5-7 days Freezer 3-6 months http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Stori ng-Breast-Milk.htm
Sanitation
Clean breasts with warm water and dry towel after feeding Soap will remove natural oils Cause drying or cracking Can use a breast cream
How to stop breastfeeding
Slowly wean the baby Milk will eventually dry up Could experience engorgement Hand express to relieve discomfort
New Foods
Weaning
Introduce sippy cup around 6 months Put fruit juice in a cup, never in a bottle
Introducing New Foods
Introduce solids around 4-6 months Cereal first Mix with breast milk or formula to make it runny Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle Vegetables, then fruits 1 new food at a time for at least 3 days Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle Never feed straight from the jar 8-10 months, start using fingers; eventually move to spoons
What Infants Need to Stay Healthy Enough calories to provide rapid growth Protein, iron, vitamins B, C, and D Food that is easy to digest Adequate amounts of liquid
Other Infant Care Skills
Bathing a Baby
Sponge baths for the first two weeks while the navel heals Soft bath towels Soft washcloth Diaper Mild soap Baby shampoo Warm room for the bath Lukewarm water; test with elbow
Bathing a Baby continued
Support the baby with your hand and begin washing the face Never rub, the face is very tender Wash each part of the body one at a time Creases of skin should be thoroughly dried after washing
Bathing a Baby continued
Wash the scalp using tear-free baby shampoo once or twice a week Can just use water other days Cradle cap- patches of yellowish crusty scales • • Apply baby oil or lanolin at night Gently loosen scales with washcloth or soft hairbrush and shampoo the hair in the morning
Bathing a Baby continued
Baby powder and lotion are not necessary Powder safety- apply to your own hands and rub together then rub on baby’s skin Baby can be bathed in a tub once the navel heals Never leave a baby unattended in the bath
Dressing a Baby
Sleeper- one piece stretchy garment with feet Cotton clothing helps skin breathe More durable clothes for crawlers Pants, padded knees, cotton shirts Pants with snaps for easy diaper change
Dressing a Baby continued
Shoes are not needed until the baby is walking outside Best to learn walking barefoot so baby can grip floor with toes Nonskid socks are good for hard floors Clothes should be flame retardant Clothes are sized by age and weight Babies grow rapid Avoid loose strings and long ties on clothing
Diapering a Baby
Cloth diapers- least expensive Wash separately in hot water Disposable diapers offer more convenience Babies need about 12-15 diaper changes a day Newborn wets several times an hour, but not enough to be changed each time Older babies will let you know
Supplies Needed to Diaper a Baby Changing table or sturdy surface Wet washcloth or wipes Powder
How to Diaper a Baby
Remove the diaper and clean the baby Put on a fresh diaper Slide under bottom Bring diaper up between legs and fasten Dispose of used supplies Wash hands Diaper rash- change more frequently, expose infected area to air as much as possible, special creams
Sleep
Newborns sleep 12-20 hours a day By 1 year has 2-3 sleep periods including naps Preparation for sleep: Change diaper and clothes, wash face/hands Rock to calm the baby Put the baby in the bed on it’s back Follow the same routine to provide comfort each time