Unit 4 Global Age (1450 – 1770)

The Ming Dynasty (text page 462) 1368 - 1644 (the end of Mongul Rule) 

Geography of China  Agrarian Society (Farming)  Terrace Farming on the hillsides  Monsoons provide the needed moisture for growing rice

China & Ethnocentrism  Chinese thought of themselves as superior to all other people (Foreigners = Barbarians).

Heaven Chinese Middle Kingdom Barbarians

China’s relationship with the West  Early in the Ming Dynasty, the Admiral Zheng He established trade links with distant centers of trade (commerce)  Ex. Chinese artifacts dating back to the Ming Dynasty were found by archeologists in Zimbabwe, Africa.

 The Chinese started to plant corn and sweet potatoes as a result of contact with the west (The westerners acquired corn and sweet potatoes from the Americas)

The Later Ming Years  Ming rulers wanted to limit contact with the West as a way to preserve traditional Chinese culture

Chinese Culture Spreads  The Koreans & Japanese learn from the Chinese.

 Examples: Buddhism, Confucianism, Tea ceremony, Architecture (Pagoda), language

Middle East

What are some of the major geographic features of the Middle East?

 Mediterranean Sea  Red Sea  Persian Gulf  Strait of Hormuz

History of the Middle East  Early river valley civilizations  Mesopotamia  Egypt  Alexander the Great (Hellenistic Age)  Roman Empire  Eastern Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire 500AD - 1453  Justianian  Eastern Orthodox Religion  Preserved Greco Roman teachings during the Middle Ages.

Ottoman Empire 1453 – 1918 (text page 456)  Overthrew the Byzantine Empire (1453)  An Islamic, nomadic Turkish speaking group

 By the 1560, the Ottoman Empire included most of the Eastern Mediterranean region and Northern Africa.

Istanbul

 The Ottomans captured the city of Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul (remember, it once was Byzantium).

 This city has historically been a center for trade because of its location between Europe and Asia.

 The Ottomans disrupted established European trade routes.

Sulieman the Magnificent “…the Lawgiver”  Sultan – Turkish ruler who ruled with absolute power  Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 – 1566  A patron of the arts  Ruled during the Ottoman’s “Golden Age”,

Expanded Ottoman territory and centralized the government

 Bureaucracy – organization with many levels.

 Janissaries – Elite soldiers fighting for the Sultan

 Law was based on the Sharia (Islamic system of law)

Social Classes in the Ottoman Empire Men of the Pen (educated) Men of the Sword (warriors) Men of Negotiation (merchants) Men of Husbandry (farmers/herders)

The Ottomans & Religion  The two higher classes were mostly Muslim  There was religious tolerance as long as Islamic law was followed  Many Mosques were built throughout the empire

The Decline of the Ottomans  European advances in technology and internal disorder all contributed to the fall of the empire

Spain - 1492 On the eve of the encounter  Reconquista - The Spanish succeeded in driving all non Catholic groups from Spain.

 Ferdinand & Isabella had increased Spanish Territory to include all of the Iberian Peninsula except Portugal

Spain - 1492 On the eve of the encounter  The Spanish Inquisition – Church courts seeking to purify Spain (get rid of all non Catholics)  Jews and Moors (Muslims) were forced to convert, move or be executed.

Latin America & Colonization

What does Latin America consist  of?

Central America and Mexico (also known as

MESOAMERICA)

 South America

Where does the term Latin America come from?

 Since the arrival of the Europeans, Spanish and Portuguese are the dominant languages.

 Since both languages are derived from Latin, the area has come to be known as Latin America

Geography of Latin America  Natural Resources (Pre-Colombian) -Gold & Silver  Arable land  Diversity of geographic features

Rivers (Amazon)

Mountains (Andes)

Traditional Economic Setting  It was an Agrarian Society  Crops grown include: corn, beans, sweet potatoes, peppers, and tomatoes

Mayas (300 - 900AD)  Polytheistic  Hieroglyphics  Developed complex mathematical (number system, understood the concept of zero) and calendar systems

Yucatan Peninsula  The Mayans farmed in raised fields built in cleared rain forests

Mayan Political System  Developed advanced and complex societies before the arrival of the Europeans  Government – Each city with ruling chief

Aztec Civilization (1200 - 1500) Text page 388 - 389

 Political setting – Emperor chosen by nobles and priests  Advanced medical practices

Tenochtitlan – An example of urban planning prior to European invasion

 Polytheistic  Human sacrifices

Social Classes in the Aztec Empire (educated) (warriors) (merchants) (farmers/herders)

Aztecs were defeated by the Spanish

Inca Civilization (1400 - 1500)

Inca Civilization  Adapted to life near the Andes Mountains  Terrace Farming  Polytheistic  Advanced medical practices (surgery/anesthetics)  Advanced road network and communication system  Defeated by Pizzaro in 1535

Age of Exploration

Causes for the Age of Exploration  The Renaissance’s spirit of questioning  A desire to find a new route to the riches of Asia  Curiosity about the world inspired by the Crusades and the tales of Marco Polo.

Technological Advances  Advances in technology such as the

astrolabe

(determines the altitude of the sun) and the

compass

made ocean navigation more exact.

Italian City-States  Had a monopoly on existing Mediterranean trade  Had little interest in investing in risky sea explorations.

 Spain and Portugal would lead the way in exploration

Portugal

Prince Henry the Navigator  Set up a school for sailors  Secured financing for expeditions  Sent explorers down the coast of Africa

Bartholomeu Dias  In 1488, Dias reached the southern tip of Africa, latter called the Cape of Good Hope.

Vasco da Gama  In 1498 da Gama rounded the tip of Africa and reached India.

 The all-water route, though long, was easier, safer, and far more profitable than over-land routes.

Christopher Columbus  Columbus hoped to find a route to the east by sailing west.

 In 1492 he discovered what would become known as “The New World”.

The Voyages of Columbus  Columbus made three voyages to the “New World”.

 Between 1493-1496 he attempted to set up a colony on Hispaniola.

 The colony on Hispaniola failed.

Ferdinand Magellan  In 1519 Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the earth.

Ferdinand Magellan  Magellan reached the Philippine Islands in 1521.

 Magellan was killed battling the inhabitants of a Philippine Island.

England and France  Spain and Portugal remained concentrated in South and Central America.

 The exploration of North America was conducted by England and France.

Results of Exploration  Overseas expansion led to increased power and wealth for European powers  Christianity and the culture of Western Europe spread throughout the world.

 The

ethnocentric

attitudes of Europeans led to the mistreatment of native peoples.

 Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade began

Spanish Empire  Why did the Spanish want to possess Latin America? (mercantilism)  Raw materials (Precious metals, farm products)  Markets (another place for the Spanish to trade with)

Mercantilism  Economic system during the Age of Exploration, Colonialism and/or Imperialism whereby trade was controlled by the mother country.

 The mother country would gain wealth by either exploiting the precious metals (taking the gold/silver like the Spanish or controlling trade of the colony so that the colony was not allowed to trade with any other country)

Social Classes in Spanish Colonies Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Native Americans Free Blacks Slaves

Spanish Colonial Social Hierarchy  The Spanish colonies had a rigid social hierarchy in that people could not move up the social ladder.

The Roman Catholic Church  Had close ties with government, enjoyed huge land grants  Controlled many aspects of life including education, hospitals, and providing services for the poor  Bartelome De LaCases

Haciendas  Large self sufficient estates

The Enconmienda System  System of forced labor in Latin America  The Spanish were given lands for serving the King and the Native Americans were forced to work the land.

 Conditions were harsh and many Native Americans died  The loss of workers led to the slave trade.

Colonial Economic Setting  Mercantilism- Mother country controls trade and exploits the resources of the colony to increase its own wealth (ex. The Spanish took millions of pounds of gold and silver from the Americas).

 The colony provides the

raw materials

.

 The

manufacturing

is done in the mother country and a finished product is sold back to the colony.

Middle Passage  The voyage from Africa to the Americas on the slave ships.

 Millions of people died on the way from disease, mistreatment and suicide.

 Survivors worked on plantations

The Colombian Exchange

 Corn and potatoes were introduced to Europe after explorers returned with them from their voyages to the Americas (

Medieval Europe: Question 2 of 21)

.

Movement

 Remember, a thematic essay could be about movement, an estimated 11 million people had been sent to the Americas.

 A person’s customs, beliefs travel with a person so you have cultural diffusion following movement.

 Which system developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution   a) b) manorialism communism c) bartering d) market economy

 In many Latin American nations, a major effect of colonial rule has been the  a) concentration of power in a small group of   b)  c)  d) landowners minor political role of the military equal distribution of wealth among social classes economic control held by the Indian population

Question 28 of 28 Age of



Exploration

The printing press, the astrolabe, and the Mercator projection were technological advances that contributed to the  a) exploration and overseas expansion of the colonial   b)  c)   d) empires unification of Germany and Italy in the late 1800’s growth of industry in Latin America during the late 1900’s spread of Islam in the 700’s and 800’s

Absolutism  Political Ideology in Europe & abroad  The monarch has complete power

Absolutism in Mughal India 1500’s – 1600’s  Akbar the Great –

-Strong stable ruler

 Empire fell due to weak successors & Spread of French and English influence

Absolutism in Spain  Charles V (Hapsburg)– Ruled 1519-1556  Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella  Ruled Spain, as well as Holy Roman Empire

Spain (Continued)  Philip II –Ruled with absolute power from 1556-1598.

 Believed in divine right rule (The belief that the right to rule comes from God).

 Did much to promote a golden age in Spain.

Absolutism in France  Late 1600s – France takes the place of Spain as the most powerful nation in Europe

The Bourbons

Louis XIII 1610-1643  Louis was the 2nd Bourbon king.

 Gained the throne at the age of 9.

 Sickly and timid he allowed Cardinal Richelieu to run the country.

Cardinal Richelieu  Believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

 Richelieu became Premier Minister to Louis XIII in 1624.

 Louis exiled his mother rather than give up his valuable minister.

Cardinal Richelieu  Under Richelieu: 1. Monarchy gained absolute control.

.

2. The nobility was brought under the control of the king.

Louis XIV The Sun King  Claimed the Divine Right of Kings (The belief that the King gets the authority to rule from God).

 “ I am the State”

The Palace of Versailles  Took 47 years to build  The cost may have exceeded 100 million dollars.

 Versailles had enough rooms to house 10,000 people.

The Palace of Versailles  During a time when many French people did not have shelter or enough to eat, Louis XIV built the lavish Palace of Versailles outside of Paris.

The Palace of Versailles  The palace served two purposes.

 Louis hosted huge banquets and encouraged his nobles to stay at Versailles so as to keep an eye on them.

Jacques Boussuet 

“What grandeur that a single man should embody so much!… Behold this holy power, paternal and absolute, contained in a single head: you see the image of God in the king, and you have the idea of royal majesty.”

 Leading church official of France in the 1600’s  Defended the “divine right” of the king.

 The King was only accountable to God  Subjects did not have the right to revolt.

The Reign of Louis XIV 1638-1715  Louis XIV symbolized the true absolute monarch.

 Louis lived a lavish life at Versailles.

 Social unrest, and economic debt eventually lead to revolution in France.

Russia

What aspects of Russian geography are you familiar with?

 Covers more than 6,500,000 square miles.

 Despite its size, much of Russia is landlocked because its ports are frozen much of the year.

A brief history of Russia    800’s – Agrarian society Influence the Byzantine Empire – Eastern Orthodox Architecture Language Mongul rule (1240 – 1480)   Ivan the Great (1462-1505) - Overthrew Mongul rule - United Russian lands Ivan the Terrible (1533 – 1584) - took the title czar (Caesar) - harsh autocratic rule - started the tradition of the secret police

The Romanov Dynasty 1613-1917  The election of Czar Michael Romanov in 1613 established a dynasty that would rule Russia for 300 years .

Peter the Great (1682-1725) Catherine the Great (1762-1796)  The most important Romanov leaders  Achievements: - Expanded the empire - Westernization

The Westernization of Russia (Theme: Change)

Westernization Western Customs were forced on Nobles:  No beards  Western clothing  No Robes  Western Education  Western style cities (St. Petersburg was modeled after Versailles)  Brought experts from Europe to Russia

Peter the Great 1682-1725  Absolute monarch  Peter’s goal was to transform Russia into a commercial and military power.

Absolute Monarch  Peter controlled the nobility and the Russian Orthodox clergy.

 Peter created an army that was loyal to him alone.

Modernization of the Armed Forces  Peter modernized the Russian army and established an impressive navy.

 Peter was able to expand Russian territory to the north.

St. Petersburg  On land Peter acquired after the Great Northern War Peter built a seaport that he called his “

window to the west

”.

St. Petersburg  St. Petersburg located on the Baltic Sea served as the capital of Russia until 1918.

Catherine the Great 1762-1796  Ruled as an absolute monarch.

 Catherine followed Peter’s policy of Westernization.

The expansion of Russia  In a series of partitions , Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided Polish territory among themselves.

 Catherine also expanded Russian territory to the south to include access to the Black Sea.

Enlightened Despot  Catherine encouraged art, literature, and science.

 Catherine’s Enlightened ideas focused on the nobles, they had little effect on the majority of the people.

Enlightened Despot  Catherine did not extend her liberal philosophy to the peasants or serfs, whose protests for better conditions were crushed.

The Growth of Democracy in England

The Magna Carta (1215)  Signed by King John  Places clear limits on the king  King can no longer raise taxes with out the consent of the Great Council (later Parliament)  Guaranteed trial by jury.

Model Parliament (1295)  The first Parliament summoned by Edward I to advise the king.

 Consisted of clergy, nobles and townspeople

A Bicameral (2 house) Legislature Parliament (1400)  House of Lords was comprised of nobles and clergy.

 House of Commons consisted of knights and townspeople.

The Stuarts 1603-1688  James I from Scotland became the King of England after Elizabeth I.

 James claimed divine right.

 James failed to consult parliament over taxes.

Charles I 1625-1649  Charles I attempted to rule without convening parliament.

 Illegally raised money & imprisoned his opponents.

The Petition of Right (1628)  King was forbidden to raise taxes without the consent of Parliament.

 King could not imprison without just cause.

 King could not declare martial law unless there was a war.

 Charles was forced to call Parliament into session in 1640.

 The Parliament pushed through measures limiting the king’s powers.

 These events led to civil war.

The Puritans  Wanted the church to be

“purified”

of Catholic practices.

 Controlled Parliament during the civil war.

The English Civil War The Puritan Revolution 1642-1649  Charles I and supporters were called the Cavaliers.

 The Puritans were called the “Roundheads”.

Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658  Cromwell would emerge as the “Roundhead” leader during the civil war.

The Battle of Naseby  Oliver Cromwell and his “New Model Army” defeated Charles I and his Cavaliers at the Battle of Naseby in 1645 .

The Trial of Charles I  The civil war turned in the favor of the Parliamentary forces in 1644-1645.

 Charles I was taken prisoner in 1646.

 In 1648 he was tried by a high Court of justice.

The Execution of Charles I  Charles was charged as a murderer, tyrant, traitor, and public enemy.

 He was found guilty and sentenced to death.

 Charles was beheaded on January 30, 1649.

The English Commonwealth 1649-1658  Under the Puritans England was declared a republic and commonwealth.

England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell  Cromwell took the title of Lord Protector.

 Cromwell ruled as a dictator until his death in 1658.

The Restoration (1660-85)

The Restoration 1660-1685  After the death of Oliver Cromwell Charles II, son of executed Charles I takes the throne of England.

 He pledged to obey the Magna Carta, Petition of Rights, and to respect Parliament .

The Emergence of Political Parties  Opposition to Catholicism helped to spark England’s first political parties.

 Charles II had no legitimate children therefore Charles's brother James was next in line

The creation of the Whig party  James II was a practicing Catholic and this worried the protestants.

 People who opposed James II from becoming the king formed the Whig party

The creation of the Tories Party  Those who defended the hereditary monarchy were referred to as the Tories

Whig Accomplishments  The

Writ of Habeas Corpus



This states that a person could not be held in prison without just cause or a trial.



It was another step that increased individual rights.

James II 1685-1688  Attempted to dominate Parliament and revive the

Theory of Divine Right

.

 James II did not learn from his fathers mistakes.

 He is Overthrown in a bloodless revolution.

The Glorious Revolution 1688  James II was replaced by William and Mary, his daughter and son in-law.

 William and Mary agreed to share their power with the people.

The English Bill of Rights  The king could not raise taxes or raise and army without the consent of parliament.

 It guaranteed trial by jury.

 It outlawed cruel and unusual punishment.

Results of the Glorious Revolution 

Constitutional Monarchy-

The power of the monarch would now be defined and limited by the constitution. (limited monarchy) 

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Further limited the power of the King Guaranteed basic civil rights for Englishman

.

The Act of Settlement (1701)  Parliament excluded any Catholic from inheriting the English throne.

The Act of Union (1707)  United Scotland and England into a new nation called Great Britain.

The English Political System  Parliamentary Democracy

Prime Minister

Tony Blair  Cabinet – Ministers who advise the Prime Minister

Thomas Hobbes  An Englishmen who wrote absolute monarchs were justified because in exchange for giving individual liberties, people are living in an orderly society.