Transcript In this PowerPoint, you will find the terms that you will need to know for tests, discussions, and essays.

In this PowerPoint, you will find the terms that you will need to know for
tests, discussions, and essays.
Stories and songs
emerged as an oral
means of
communication and
preserving the past:
tales of heroic battles
or struggles, myths, or
religious beliefs. In a
time before mass
communication, the
oral tradition enabled
people to pass down
stories, most often in
the form of rhyming
poems.
Thus, the earliest
forms of fiction were in
fact poetry. Eventually
written down, these
extended narratives
developed into epics,
which were long
narrative poems about
heroic figures whose
actions determine the
fate of a nation or
entire race. What other
stories or films do you
know of that follow
this common theme?
A NARRATIVE
tells a story by
presenting events
in some logical or
orderly way.
A work of FICTION
is a narrative that,
for the most part,
originates in the
imagination of the
author rather than
in history or fact.
The word “fiction”
comes from the
Latin “fictio”,
which means “a
shaping, a
counterfeiting”
Dramatic Irony: when
the reader or audience
knows something that
the character has yet to
realize. Examples?
Verbal Irony: when the
character says the opposite
of what is really meant.
Examples?
Situational Irony: when
something is about to
happen to a character or
characters who expect
the opposite. Examples?
An Allusion is a
reference in a text to a
person, place, or
thing—fictitious or
real. These references
are often to literature,
history, mythology, or
the Bible.
The Protagonist is the central character in a literary work. This character usually
initiates and is in conflict in the narrative.
The Antagonist is the character or force that opposes the protagonist in the
narrative. Remember, the antagonist may be another character, society itself, a
force of nature, or even—in modern literature—conflicting impulses within the
protagonist.
•This type of novel emerged from Spain
in the 17th century.
•This type of narrative is often told in
episodes, or adventures, and it is very
often a satirical work.
•This form of narrative, usually a novel,
presents the life of a likable scoundrel or
rogue who is at odds with respectable
society.
•The narrator of a picaresque was
originally a “picaro”, which is Spanish
means “rascal” or “rogue”.
A novel in which the
story is told by way
of letters written by
one or more of the
characters.
Realism denotes a period or literary movement of writing wherein writers strove to
portray everyday events and people in a realistic fashion. Realism refers to a movement
in 19th century European literature that focused on the middle class rather than
aristocracy. It rejected idealism, romanticism, and elitism.
The style, genre, or movement of writing called Magical Realism is marked by
it imaginative content, vivid effects, and lingering mystery. It is a type of
contemporary narrative that combines the fantastic, magical elements with
realistic details. A writer like Garcia Marquez can create a fictional world where
the miraculous and the everyday live side by side.
Example: “ The world had been sad since Tuesday”
During the early 20th century, the literary
movement known as Modernism was
established by writers, such as Ernest
Hemingway, William Faulkner, James Joyce
and Virginia Woolf, who:
1) Reacted to the increasing complexity of
a changing world
2) M0urned the passing of old ways under
the pressures of modernity
World War I, Urbanization, and The Rise of
Industrialism contributed to this literary
reaction.
World War I Recruiting Poster
•After Modernism, hence “post”,
a movement called
Postmodernism emerged.
•Postmodern artists reacted to
the confines and limitations
placed upon form and meaning
by opening ideas of
interpretation.
•Many postmodernists
confronted, with their writing,
the changing society, the future,
and the impact of technology.
•Naturalism, sometimes
considered an extreme form of
realism, rejected unrealistic
plots and sentimentality of
melodrama.
•Unlike realism, naturalism
sought to explore the depths of
the human condition.
•Influenced by Freud, Darwin, &
Marx, naturalism portrays
human beings as higher-order
animals who are driven by basic
instincs—especially hunger,
fear, greed, and sexuality.
When a writer is
considered a local
colorist, this writer has
used a specific regional
material—unique social
customs, dress, habits,
and speech patterns.
The participant narrator in a work of
literature is written in the first person.
Such a character may be a protagonist
(Huck Finn) or may be an observer, or
minor character standing a little to one
side, watching a story unfold that mainly
involves someone else.
A good example of this is Nick Carraway
in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great
Gatsby. He is a narrator and minor
character who focuses the story on Jay
Gatsby.
Written in THIRD PERSON and can possess
different levels of knowledge about
characters
Omniscient or All-knowing: sees into any or all
of the characters’ minds, souls, feelings, and
motivations
 Limited Omniscience: sees into one character
 Objective: does not see into any characters, but
merely reports events from outside
