Transcript UNICEF IN INDIA NEW CHALLENGES AND CHANGING ROLE Dr . S.K. CHATURVEDI UNICEF OVERVIEW •Overview of the Situation of Children •Changing programming environment for children •Major constraints •Role of.

UNICEF IN INDIA
NEW CHALLENGES AND
CHANGING ROLE
Dr . S.K. CHATURVEDI
UNICEF
OVERVIEW
•Overview of the Situation of Children
•Changing programming environment
for children
•Major constraints
•Role of the United Nations and UNICEF
in India
•Summary of results to date
The Situation of Children in
India: key findings
India : The scale of things...
Population:
1,027 million
Children 0-18: 380 million (37%)
Many states have child populations similar to large countries
Uttar Pradesh
Pakistan
Bihar
Bangladesh
Maharastra
Iran
Madhya Pradesh
Vietnam
West Bengal
Philippines
Andhra Pradesh
Ethiopia
Tamil Nadu
DRC
Rajasthan
Thailand
Karnataka
Myanmar
Gujarat
Tanzania
Orissa
Sudan
Kerala
Uganda
Assam
Canada
60
40
Child population in millions
20
0
20
40
60
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it
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19
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ht
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g
25
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n
Ch
ild
le
r5
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e
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io
n
40
Pe
op
nd
e
pu
la
t
20
rn
al
D
ea
t
Po
30
U
at
e
hi
ld
M
ba
lC
%
U
G
lo
India’s share of global challenge…
50
39
42
28
23
14
10
0
Summary of trends in
India…
• Economic transformation without
corresponding change in social
development
• Expansion of social opportunities
and change uneven, growing
disparities (area, sex, caste and other
characteristics)
Income Growth vs Child
Survival
11799
Income
Per capita Income in Rs
10754
Infant survival
Number of children reaching
The age of one per 100 live births
10071
11013
10308
9650
9007
9244
8489
8070
7321 7212
7433
7690
934
937
940
926 926 926 928 929 928 930 932
921
920
920
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Child malnutrition in India
India (% children moderately to
severly underweight)
60
55
50
45
40
35
53
34.5
43.6
47
28.7
34.6
34.7
24.3
20.6
51.7
30
25
20
50.6
36
24.1
37.9
1992-93
1998-99
54.4
27.5
48.7
55.1
45.1
54.4
49.6
Per cent
37.7
28.6
43.9
20-30
30-40
40-47
26.9
National Average and Above (47 +)
Source: NFHS 1 & 2, 1992-93 & 1998-99
36.7
27.7
Goal 2: Universal Primary Education
Children age 5-14 years currently attending school
87.3
85.7
81.4
79.3
76.1
73.1
71.8
59.2
Total
Source: MICS, 2000
Male
Female
Urban
Rural
SC
ST
Others
Learning achievements in primary schools
Pratichi Trust, West Bengal
Only 1 in 14 children in class 3 and 4
who was not privately tutored could write
their own name
Urban schools in Vadodara
and Mumbai
47% children in class IV reached math
standard competence of First standard
only
Andhra Pradesh
Only 12% children in class II to V
could do single digit subtraction
Jaunpur, UP age 7-14 in
government schools
72% could do no numerical operations
and 51% could not read simple
sentences
Absence Rates, 2003 (%)
State
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Karnataka
Kerala
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
West Bengal
Primary school
teachers
Primary health
care workers
26
39
15
24
20
23
16
23
37
24
21
26
33
23
n.a.
58
52
35
43
n.a.
n.a.
35
n.a.
39
n.a.
42
45
43
Out-of-school children are even more concentrated. Nearly
three-quarters of all out-of-school children in the country are
found in a mere 20% of villages (and 50% of districts).
Cumulative distribution of all out-of-school 6-11 year olds in India across
villages and districts, 1999-2000
Cumulative % of all out-of-school 6-11 year olds in
the country
100
90
80
70
60
Districts
Villages
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Cumulative % of villages or districts (ranked by number of out-of-school 6-11 year olds)
100
Goal 4. Reduce child mortality: Infant Mortality Rate
Urban
140
Rural
120
100
80
60
40
20
Rural
Total
Urban
Source : National Family Health Survey 1992-93, International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay, India, 1995
National Family Health Survey 1998-99, International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay, India, 2000
Sample Registration System, Registrar General, India
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
Contribution of the 21 larger states to national infant deaths, 2000
100
83
76
80
67
70
57
60
43
50
Cumulative share in total number of infant deaths nationally
40
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
Chhatisgarh
Haryana
Punjab
Jammu & Kashmir
Delhi
Uttaranchal
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
5
Jharkhand
6
Assam
8
Tamil Nadu
10
9
Karnataka
9
Gujarat
20
West Bengal
25
Orissa
30
Share in total number of infant deaths nationally
51%
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Rajasthan
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
0
Uttar Pradesh
Cumulative contribution (%)
90
93
89
97
96
21%
% Children not Received Any Vaccine by
Selected Characteristics
33
30
24
14
13
10
Source: RCH Survey, 2002
Hi
gh
3
Lo
w
M
ed
iu
m
ite
ra
te
09
yr
s.
10
+
yr
s.
Education
Ill
Ru
ra
l
Ur
ba
n
Residence
Standard
of living
5
Health expenditure, public (% GDP)
India
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Thailand
UK
Japan
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
0
2
4
6
8
10
Health expenditure, private (% GDP)
India
Pakistan
Germany
Canada
Australia
France
Sri Lanka
Japan
Thailand
United Kingdom
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
1994
> 1% among
pregnant women
1998
> 5% among
high risk groups
2000
< 5% among
high risk groups
Estimated 5.2 million people living with HIV (2005).
HIV Prevalence in India
> 1% Antenatal Women
J&K
Himachal Pradesh
5.2 m Adults
estimated to living
with HIV
< 1% Antenatal Women
Punjab
Chandigarh
Haryana Delhi
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Bihar
Tripura
Mizoram
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Assam Nagaland
Meghalaya
Manipur
West Bengal
Daman & Diu
Dadra Nagar Haveli
Orissa
Maharashtra
111 high prevalence
districts
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Source: NACO, 2005
Lakshwadeep
Pondichery
Andaman & Nicobar
Estimated No. of people living
with HIV
5.2
5.6
3.6
1.8
1.2
Kenya
Zimbabwe
Source: Report of the global AIDS epidemic
Nigeria
India
South Africa
Regional Specificity
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Punjab
Chandigarh
Haryana
Delhi
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Assam
Nagaland
Meghalaya
Manipur
Bihar
West Bengal
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Daman & Diu
Dadra Nagar Haveli
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
HIV +
Goa
Karnataka
Pondichery
Tamil Nadu
Lakshwadeep Kerala
Andaman & Nicobar
U5MR
Percentage of respondents reporting access and satisfaction
with government services in rural India
70
60
50
40
Physical Access
Satisfaction
30
20
10
0
Primary School
Health care
Drinking water
Percentage of ST Population
Districts of India
2001
Percent
0.0 - 1.0
1.1 - 5.0
5.1 - 20.0
20.1 - 25.0
25.1 - 98.1
Summary of Developments
with Potential Impact on
Children
External debt as % of GNP
Indonesia
89
77
Philippines
Malaysia
57
49
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
48
45
Vietnam
India
35
17
China
14
0
20
40
60
80
100
Union Govt. Expenditure on Social Services as a Proportion of GDP (%)
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006RE
07BE
…but this is still low in comparison to other
developing countries
% of Central Govt. Expenditure Allocated to Social Sectors
(1993-2004)
20
18
18
16
14
11
12
10
Bangladesh
Developing Countries
7
8
6
4
India
4
2
2
2
0
Health
Source: State of the World's Children 2006
Education