Transcript Situation of Children and Women in India Dr KANUPRIYA CHATURVEDI Dr S.K CHATURVEDI.

Situation of Children and Women
in India
Dr KANUPRIYA CHATURVEDI
Dr S.K CHATURVEDI
1
India - 2001
Administrative
Units
States
Districts
Sub-Districts
No.
35
593
5445
Population Range
(Lowest-Highest)
60,000 – 166,000,000
31,000 – 9,638,000
275 – 8,587,000
Population
1027 million
Children 0-14
350 million (34%)
Children 0-6
158 million (15%)
2
Source: Census, 2001
India : The scale of things...
Population:
1,027 million
Children 0-18: 380 million (37%)
Many states have child populations similar to large countries
Uttar Pradesh
Pakistan
Bihar
Bangladesh
Maharastra
Iran
Madhya Pradesh
Vietnam
West Bengal
Philippines
Andhra Pradesh
Ethiopia
Tamil Nadu
Zaire
Rajasthan
Thailand
Karnataka
Myanmar
Gujarat
Tanzania
Orissa
Sudan
Kerala
Canada
Assam
Iraq
60
40
Child population in millions
20
0
20
40
60
3
India in the developing world...
50
% of Developing World
40
40
40
42
35
30
30
22
20
10
0
Child
Population
Maternal
Deaths
Low Birth
Weight
Malnutrition Child Labour
No
Sanitation
4
Infant Mortality Rate, 2002
Maternal Mortality Ratio, 1998
India - 64
India - 540
Deaths per 1,000 live births
Per 100,000 live births
Below 30
30 - 60
Jammu & Kashmir
Below 10th plan target
200 - 400
Above 400
Jammu & Kashmir
Above 60
Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
No Data
Missing Data
Punjab
Chandigarh
U.T.
Punjab
Chandigarh
Uttaranchal
Haryana
Delhi
Hary ana
Delhi
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Assam
Nagaland
Bihar
Rajasthan
Meghalay a
Manipur
JharkhandWest Bengal
Madhy a Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Tripura
Mizoram
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Gujarat
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Nagaland
Meghalaya
Bihar
Manipur
West Bengal Tripura
Mizoram
Chhattisgarh
Daman & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Hav eli
Daman
& DiuHaveli
Dadra
& Nagar
Maharashtra
Orissa
Maharashtra
Orissa
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Karnataka
Goa
Karnataka
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Pondicherry
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Lakshadweep U.T.
5
Source: SRS October, 2003
Source: NFHS, 1998, SRS, 1998
IMR among Indian States: 2002
There is an 77 point difference
between Orissa (87 per 1,000)
and Kerala (10 per 1,000)
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Punjab
Chandigarh
Uttaranchal
Hary ana
Delhi
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Assam
Nagaland
Bihar
Meghalay a
Manipur
JharkhandWest Bengal
Madhy a Pradesh
Tripura
Mizoram
Gujarat
Chhattisgarh
Daman & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Hav eli
Orissa
Maharashtra
Deaths per 1,000 live births
Below 30
30 - 60
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Karnataka
Above 60
No Data
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep
Tamil Nadu
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Kerala
6
Source: SRS October, 2003
… and within the states
Infant Mortality Rate
Deaths per 1,000 live births
22 - 52.33
52.33 - 82.67
82.67 - 113.00
113.00 - 143.34
143.34 - 173.67
173.67 - 204
Missing Data
7
Source: Census, 1991
Note : The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Low Birth Weight
Malnutrition
India : 47%
India : 22%
(children moderately
to severely underweight)
34.5
28.8
43.6
20.5
28.7
26.2 22.9
34.6
34.7
29.2
28.9
13.6
13.1
30.3
30.4
21.4
13
20.6
22.7
24.1
18.6
50.6
36
7.1
54.4
55.1
45.1
27.7
54.4
19.6
17.2
17.3
27.5
48.7
6.8
24.1
37.9
11.3
22.9
24.3
20.6
51.7
49.6
24.8
37.7
23.3
Per cent
28.6
22.4
Per cent
17.5
43.9
18.1
22.5
16
22
19.2
0-10
10-20
26.9
36.7
Above 20
20-30
30-40
40-47
Above 47
8
Source: MICS, 2000
Source: NFHS, 1998
Indicators of vulnerability
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Punjab
Chandigarh
Haryana
Delhi
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Assam
Nagaland
Meghalaya
Manipur
Bihar
West Bengal
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Daman & Diu
Dadra Nagar Haveli
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Karnataka
Pondichery
Tamil Nadu
HIV +
U5MR
Andaman & Nicobar
Lakshwadeep Kerala
9
Disparities in school attendance
Children age 5-14 years currently attending school
87.3
85.7
81.4
79.3
76.1
73.1
71.8
59.2
Total
Male
Rural
SC
Others
10
Gender Bias - Sex Ratio
Total
0-6 Years
1991 : 927
2001 : 933
900
1991 : 945
2001 : 927
937
970
897
874 773
793
964
845
906
861
821
820
865
901
875
898
922
932
921
961
986
916
909
909
964
938
975
978
941
934
950
961
966
938
920
921
975
971
975
972
950
925
973
922
917
978
964
Females per 1,000 males
960
933
964
949
1001
986
1058
< 900
900-949
> 950
846
844
965
968
958
939
963
947
974
859
Source: Census
963
929
878
990
709
811
975
506
Declining Child Sex Ratio
943
11
Birth registration
47.9
Only 35%
births are
registered
93.6
88.9
70
74.7
70.8
31.9
68.3
6.5
12.4
29.8
47.9
32.9
1.6
27.5
51.2
47.8
84.2
30
87.5
9.7
94.6
84.6
80.4
32.4
Per cent
95.3
51
< 20.00
20.00-39.99
40.00-59.99
> 60.00
92.5
93.3
69.1
89
92.4
12
Disparities - Rural/Urban
90
80
80
69
67
70
60
50
Rural
43
40
40
Urban
30
19
20
10
0
Use of
iodized salt
Sanitation
IMR
13
Child Labour
% of children aged 5-14 years working for someone else
5% of children aged 5 -14 years in India work as child labourers
working for someone else
20
18
15
15
10
8
4
5
2
2
2
2
Madhya
Pradesh
Punjab
Kerala
Uttar
Pradesh
5
3
0
Bihar
Orissa
India
Rajasthan Tamil Nadu
Andhra
Pradesh
14
Inter-state female literacy differentials: India
2001
Bihar
34
Uttar Pradesh
43
Rajasthan
There is a
54 point differential
between the highest
and lowest state level
female literacy rates
44
India
54
Tamil Nadu
65
Maharashtra
68
Kerala
88
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% literate females (7+)
15
States implementing Juvenile Justice Act
2000
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal
Pradesh
Chandigarh
Punjab
Uttaranchal
Haryana
Delhi
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Assam
Bihar
Nagaland
Meghalaya
Manipur
Jharkhand
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Tripura
West Bengal
Mizoram
Chhattisgarh
Daman & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Orissa
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
Karnataka
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep
Tamil Nadu
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Kerala
16
Early marriage
65% of girls in India are married by the age of 18
•
•
33% are married by the time they are 15 years of age
Another 31% are married between 15 to 18 years of age
100
84
82
80
% girls married
80
33
65
34
60
65
31
54
31
32
40
33
51
20
48
27
49
34
22
33
21
Rajasthan
Andhra
Pradesh
Maharashtra
India
Gujarat
20
5
3
Kerala
Punjab
0
Bihar
23
17
PROGRESS
Reduction in poverty (Millions)
Urban
350
300
53
65
70
Urban
250
67
200
Rural
150
247
239
234
100
201
50
0
1971
Population
(Millions)
548
1981
683
1991
2001
846
1027
18
PROGRESS
Increase in Literacy
90
80.1
80
75.6
72.2
70
65.2
63.2
59.2
60
54
51.5
50
44
40
38.7
1991
2001
30
20
10
0
19
PROGRESS
Decline in IMR
Urban
[Rural 69; Urban 40; Total 64]
140
Rural
120
100
80
60
40
20
Rural
Total
Urban
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
20
100
66
20
07
20
05
20
03
80
20
01
19
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
19
89
19
87
19
85
19
83
19
81
19
79
19
77
19
75
19
73
19
71
Deaths per 1000 live births
PROGRESS - TOO SLOW
Infant Mortality Rate, 1971-2007
160
140
120
Goal
45
60
55
40
20
0
Year
21
Slow progress in ...
… reducing infant mortality
120
80
60
40
There was good progress in infant
mortality reduction during the 1980s ...
20
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1986
1984
1982
1988
… but progress has slowed since 1993.
0
1980
Deaths per 1,000 live births
100
22
But better progress in ...
… basic education ...
School attendance rates (6-14 years) rose from 68% in 92-93 to 79%
in 98-99
… and access to drinking water
100
Households using improved drinking water
sources: 83%
80
60
40
20
Protected sources of drinking water : Handpump & Piped water
2000
1998
1996
% Households using
1994
1992
1990
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
0
1988
% Pop. with access
23
Expenditure - Social Sectors
Government Expenditures as % of aggregate expenditure
20
15
15
15
% of Aggregate Expenditure
15
12
13
15
17
14
13
12
16
15
16
12
12
13
12
10
12
Defence
Stagnation in
social sector
Social Services*
Health and Family Welfare
5
Education
2
1
0
1993-94
2
2
1994-95
2
2
1
1
1995-96
1996-97
2
1
1997-98
2
1
1998-99
2
2
1999-00
* Includes food, subsidies, health, family welfare, education, rural
development, urban development, welfare of SC/STs and other
expenditures
2
2
2000-01
(RE)
2
2
2001-02
(BE)
24
Reduction in poverty
(Millions)
Decline in IMR
[Rural 69; Urban 40; Total 64]
350
140
300
120
65 Urban 70
53
100
250
80
200
60
150
67
Rural
247
40
239
100
20
Rural
Total
Urban
234
201
Source:
Economic Survey
50
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
Source: SRS October, 2003
Increase in Literacy
0
1971
1981
548
683
1991
846
2001
1027
Population
(Millions)
90
80.1
80
The polio campaign has
had a dramatic impact ...
75.6
72.2
70
65.2
63.2
59.2
60
54
51.5
44
40
1600
1991
2001
50
38.7
1126
30
20
10
265
268
223
0
l
To
ta
ba
n
Ur
ra
l
Ru
al
e
M
al
e
0
Fe
m
1981
1980
0
Source: Census, 1991 & 2001
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
25
2004
Source: SEAR Polio Bulletin, WHO
The right to survive : Global top child killers
Peri-natal
conditions
20%
Other
23%
CDN
Health
Malaria
7%
Vaccinepreventable
diseases
15%
Over 50% associated
with malnutrition
Diarrhoeal
diseases
17%
17%
Respiratory
infections
18%
Child
Environ
26
Source: WHO, 1997
India’s Annual Growth Rate (%)
GDP
Per capita
income
1951-79
3.6
1.3
1980-91
5.6
3.5
1992-2003
6.1
4.2
Year
27
External Assistance as % of GDP
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
-2
00
01
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
2
2
28
Distribution of Infant Deaths
P NMR
( 2 9 da y s- 1
Ea r l y
Yr . )
NNMR
38%
( Fi r st 7
da y s)
47%
La t e
NNMR ( 72 9 da y s)
62 % infant deaths occur
within one month of birth
15 %
29
Source: Sample Registration System
Underlying factors: malnutrition, hygiene, care practices
47% of children aged under three are malnourished. At the
current rate of 1% reduction per year, there will still be 29
million malnourished children in 2015.
35% of households use a toilet. On current trends, only 75% of
households will have toilets by 2025
60
50
55.2
51
40
30
20
30.6
30
10
0
1992-93
1998-99
Children aged 0-3 months exclusively breastfed
Children who receive oral rehydration for diarrhoea
30
Vaccination Coverage
% of children fully immunised
100
TN (95%)
90
80
70
AP (63%)
60
Gujarat (57%)
50
INDIA (48%)
40
MP (33%)
30
UP (29%)
Bihar (22%)
20
10
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2002
31
Sources: CES, NFHS, MICS and RCH2
% Children not Received Any Vaccine
by Selected Characteristics
33
30
24
14
13
10
5
Hi
gh
3
Lo
w
M
ed
iu
m
ite
ra
te
09
yr
s.
10
+
yr
s.
Education
Ill
Ru
ra
l
Ur
ba
n
Residence
Standard
of living
32
Source: RCH Survey, 2002
Underweight Among Children, 2002
(2,23,084 children were covered)
Percentage below -2SD
Percentage below -3SD
49
47
46
48
20
19
19
RURAL
FEMALE
MALE
42
19
TOTAL
16
URBAN
33
Source: RCH Survey, 2002
Underweight Among Children by State
Percentage below -2SD
62
Percentage below -3SD
56
50
46
40
41
41
42
42
46
52
52
58
52
47
42
35
34
31
19
12
11
HP
KA
19
15
13
20
19
15
15
16
HR
WB
GJ
22
25
25
BH
MP
20
16
7
KE
PJ
UT
CHH
AP
INDIA
MH
UP
JH
OR
RJ
34
Source: RCH Survey, 2002
Anaemia Among Pregnant Women by
State
Moderate
58
Severe
54
55
5
4
3
CHH
PJ
HR
46
39
31
24
25
26
34
34
34
3
4
36
40
40
2
3
40
36
27
8
4
1
KE
WB
1
2
1
TN
KA
UT
0
JH
2
HP
AP
OR
3
INDIA
1
BH
3
RJ
MP
UP
1
GJ
2
MH
35
Source: RCH Survey, 2002
HIV/AIDS: A threat to survival, growth and development
1994
> 1% among
pregnant women
1998
> 5% among
high risk groups
2000
< 5% among
high risk groups
In 2001, there were 3.97 million people with AIDS.
36
Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls
(1,71,645 girls aged 10 - 19 years)
5%
24%
28%
43%
MILD
MODERATE
SEVERE
NO ANAEMIA
37
Source: RCH Survey, 2002
Key Points
•
• Many states have child populations
similar to large countries.
• IMR continues to be high and is not
commensurate with the economic
growth of the country There is an 77
point difference between Orissa (87 per
1,000) and Kerala (10 per 1,000) and
MMR is at a staggering high.
• 22% of the children are low birth weight
and 47% of the underfive are
malnourished
• There is decline in sex ratio and some
of the states like Haryana , Punjab are
the worst affected.
38
Key Points (contd.)
• Only 35% of the births are registered.
• 5% of children aged 5 -14 years in India
work as child labourers working for
someone else
• There is a 54 point differential between
the highest and lowest state level female
literacy rate
• 65% of girls in India are married by the
age of 18. 33% are married by the time
they are 15 years of age.Another 31%
are married between 15 to 18 years of
age
39