Transcript Selecting Cultivars Based on Specific Performance Characteristics Sustainable Turfgrass Management in Asia 2012 Doug Karcher Associate Professor Department of Horticulture University of Arkansas [email protected] turf.uark.edu.

Selecting Cultivars Based on Specific
Performance Characteristics
Sustainable Turfgrass Management in Asia 2012
Doug Karcher
Associate Professor
Department of Horticulture
University of Arkansas
[email protected]
turf.uark.edu
Tifway hybrid bermudagrass
Sod or sprigs
Turf-type common bermudagrass, seeded
Riviera bermudagrass
Seeded
Propagation types
• Seeded
– Zoysia japonica
• Vegetative
– Zoysia japonica
– Zoysia matrella var. matrella
Why zoysia seed?
Summary of establishment methods and costs for zoysiagrass.
Establishment
cost/A†
Time until 90 percent
coverage
Sprigging
zoysia
Stripsodding
zoysia
Solidsodding
zoysia
Seeding
zoysia
$3,000
$5,000
$15,900
$1,250
225K baht/ha
375K baht/ha
2-3 years
2-3 years
1193K baht/ha 84K Baht/ha
0 days
10 weeks
Days after seeding
14
S
e
e
d
i
n
g
R
a
t
e
2.5
g/m2
5
g/m2
10
g/m2
15
g/m2
20
g/m2
30
g/m2
28
42
56
70
84
98
Cultivar
Zoysiagrass
establishment rate
Species
Type
Est. rate
Z. japonica
Seeded
0.0361a
Z. japonica
Veg.
0.0351a
Z. matrella
Veg.
0.0286b
6186
DALZ0102
El Toro
PZB 33 (s)
Ch. common (s)
6136
Companion (s)
BMZ 230
Palisades
PST-R7LT (s)
Zenith (s)
DeAnza
J-37 (s)
J-36 (s)
GNZ
PST-R7ZM (s)
Zorro
PZA 32 (s)
J-14 (s)
DALZ0104
PST-R7MA (s)
DALZ0101
Meyer
VJ
Cavalier
Victoria
PST-R7TH (s)
Emerald
DALZ0105
Empress
Himeno
Zeon
Royal
Empire
Diamond
0.00
LSD0.05 = 0.0047
Z. japonica
Z. matrella
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Establishment rate (loge coverage d-1)
0.05
El-Toro Zoysiagras (Z. matrella)
Country Club of Little Rock
Trinexapac-ethyl Primo
Fairway Experiment
• Finer, tighter, and more
upright for the treated
plot
Traffic tolerance of
various bermudagrass
cultivars
Cultivar (Expt. Name)
Premiery (OR 2002)
Barbadosyx (SWI-1044)
Celebrationy
Contessayx (SWI-1045)
Rivierayx
Southern Staryx
Sovereignyx (SWI-1012)
Princess 77yx
Sundevil II yx
Tifwayy
Yukonyx
Dune (CIS-CD5) yx
Midlawny
Sunsportyx (SWI-1001)
TifSporty
Veracruzyx (SWI-1041)
Sunbirdyx (PST-R68A)
TifGrandy (Tift No. 4, ST-5)
Transcontinental yx
Panamayx
Patrioty
Mohawkyx
Sunstaryx
Sultanyx (FMC-6)
Aussie Greeny
Mirage II (CIS-CD6) yx
NuMex Saharayx
GN-1y
LaPalomayx (SRX 9500)
MS-Choice y
Arizona Commonyx
Ashmore y
Total rating periods w
Summer
2007
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
4
3
2
5
1
4
2
2
2
1
0
0
5
Turf Performance Indexz
Fall
Summer
Fall
2007
2008
2008
4
5
2
4
5
1
4
5
2
4
4
2
4
5
1
4
5
1
4
5
1
4
4
1
3
5
1
4
5
1
3
5
1
4
4
0
2
5
1
4
4
0
2
5
1
4
4
0
3
4
0
3
5
0
2
5
0
1
4
1
2
5
0
2
5
0
3
5
0
2
2
0
2
5
0
1
2
1
1
5
0
0
5
0
2
3
0
2
3
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
4
5
2
Total
16
15
15
15
15
15
15
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
8
7
7
6
1
1
16
Sunsport
Contessa
Veracruz
Sovereign
Barbados
Sultan
From: Baldwin, C. M., H. Liu, and L. B. McCarty. 2008. Diversity of 42 bermudagrass cultivars in a reduced
light environment. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 783:147-158.
‘Riviera’ bermudagrass
Perceptions about bermuda vs. zoysia
• Bermudagrass has a faster growth rate
– More clippings
– More scalping
– Faster divot recovery
• Zoysiagrass has higher density
– Better ball lie
Bermuda vs. Zoysia Experiment
Bermuda vs. Zoysia Experiment
Cultivar
Common name Species
Princess 77 Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon
Riviera
Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon
Patriot
Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x. C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy
Tifsport
Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x. C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy
Tifway
Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x. C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy
El Toro
Zoysiagrass
Zoysia japonica Steud.
Meyer
Zoysiagrass
Zoysia japonica Steud.
Palisades
Zoysiagrass
Zoysia japonica Steud.
Zenith
Zoysiagrass
Zoysia japonica Steud.
Cavalier
Zoysiagrass
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Diamond
Zoysiagrass
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Zorro
Zoysiagrass
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Bermuda vs. Zoysia Experiment
• Plots evaluated over 2
growing seasons, once
established.
• Plots were mown at 1.3
cm (0.5 in).
• 40 kg N ha-1 per growing
month for bermudagrass
and 25 kg N ha-1 for
zoysiagrass.
Growth Rate (clippings)
• Clippings were harvested
by making two passes in
the opposite direction
over the same plot.
• Clippings were then
collected and oven dried
at 80 °C for four days.
• Dry weights were
recorded to quantify
clipping yield.
Scalping
• Evaluated using
digital image analysis
• Digital photos taken
under controlled
lighting conditions
and analyzed for %
green
Digital image analysis used for
scalping tendency
• Scalping tendency (%):
–
[100*((percent green turf before mowing - percent green turf after mowing)/percent green turf
before mowing)].
Before
mowing
99.4%
coverage
22.9% Scalping
After
mowing
76.6%
coverage
Clipping Yield & Scalping Results
• The cultivars with lowest clipping yields were
Diamond , Meyer, and Patriot.
• Palisades, Princess 77, and Tifway had the highest
amount of clippings.
• Patriot and Tifsport bermudagrass had the highest
scalping across the two years of this study.
• All other cultivars had minimal scalping
Golf Ball Lie
Zorro zoysiagrass
Palisades zoysiagrass
Zorro zoysiagrass:
98% ball exposed
Palisades zoysiagrass:
73% ball exposed
Ball Lie Results
• When mown, no
differences in ball lie.
• Palisades zoysiagrass
had the poorest ball
lie in unmown
conditions.
Divots
~ 0.2 ha turf removed annually per fairway by divoting.
Previous divot recovery research
• Bermudagrass (Karcher et al., 2005a)
– 2003 results: Riviera, Princess 77, and Patriot > Tifway, Tifsport.
• Zoysiagrass (Karcher et al., 2005b)
– Palisades, Cavalier, and Zorro had the fastest recovery times.
– Meyer consistently had the slowest recovery times.
• Although these (Karcher et al., 2005a,b) studies were not
performed in the same experiment, they were performed at
the same time and location (Fayetteville, AR).
• The amount of time required to reach 50% recovery was
similar between bermudagrass and zoysiagrass.
Our understandings of divoting
• Recuperative potential
• Divot recovery vs. divot resistance
More susceptible to divoting
Less susceptible to divoting
Materials and methods: divot recovery
• Plots were divoted on:
– 7 July 2008
– 25 August 2008
– 21 May 2009
• Three (subsamples)
standardized divots (5 x 10
cm) were taken from each
plot using a modified
edger (Fry et al., 2008).
Tifway bermudagrass at day 0 after injury (top)
and at day 9 after injury (bottom)
Percent recovery was calculated as: 100 * [(%coverx - %cover0) / (100% - %cover0)]
day 0
after
injury
day 9
after
injury
0%
recovery
72%
recovery
Divot Evaluations
• Severity
– 1 = Very small divot, little to no
damage
– 2 = Small divot, some injury
– 3 = Moderate divot size or
disruption
– 4 = Large divot
– 5 = Worst (very large divot) or
severe injury
Summary – divot recovery
• Those cultivars with the fastest time to 50%
recovery were
– Princess 77 and Riviera bermudagrass
– Palisades zoysiagrass
• Bermudagrasses recovered faster than
zoysiagrasses
• Keep in mind, these divots were created
mechanically
Divot resistance also
differs among cultivars
Riviera bermudagrass
Diamond zoysiagrass
17 July and 1 September 2009 results
– divot severity
Species
C. dactylon
C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis
Z. japonica
Z. matrella
• Severity
Divot Conclusions
• Zoysiagrasses tended to have a greater
divot resistance.
• Z. matrella cultivars (Cavalier, Diamond,
and Zorro) consistently had the greatest
divot resistance.
• Perceived increases in ball lie of
zoysiagrass may be a function of greater
divot resistance
Summary Points
• Keep your eye on improved, seeded cultivars
• Within species, cultivars vary in establishment,
growth rate, traffic tolerance, and divot resistance
and recovery
• Utilize best adapted species and cultivars to minimize
inputs needed to produce quality turf
• Current & Future Research
– Shade , drought, disease, low management inputs
Acknowledgements
• Conference organizers
– Asian Turfgrass Center
– Thai GCSA
– The R&A
• Dr. Micah Woods