I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST Poornima Narayana** Deputy Head, ICAST National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore – 560 017 E-mail: *[email protected] **[email protected].
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Transcript I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST Poornima Narayana** Deputy Head, ICAST National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore – 560 017 E-mail: *[email protected] **[email protected].
I.R.N. Goudar*
Head, ICAST
Poornima Narayana**
Deputy Head, ICAST
National Aerospace Laboratories
Bangalore – 560 017
E-mail: *[email protected]
**[email protected]
E-Journal: Expectations
Full text
Back issues- Pre-web +
PDF files
HTML files
Advanced search features
References linked to full text
and related articles
Additional colour possible
Expanded papers-access
to raw data
Graphics, video and
sound, if required
Comprehensive help
Alerting
Usage stats for librarians
Refereed, but quick
E-Journals: Major Players
Primary publishers
Aggregators
Vendors
Subscription agents
Document delivery agencies
E-print systems
E-Journal Models
E- journal continues to coexist with its print version.
E-journal replaces its print version.
E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist
with print.
Print version plus abridged e-version
E-journal only.
E-journal with a facility supply individual articles.
Delayed e-version than its print equivalent.
E-version first and then print.
Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version
First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest
Article
processing costs very high
Refereeing costs
High marketing and admin costs
Low physical distribution costs
Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version
Existing Print Costs + New costs:
Content delivery infrastructure
Software, hardware & ISP
Customer support
Access control
New human resource: Production, IT
Marketing costs
New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols
Meta-data costs
Low distribution costs
Service costs
E-Journals Pricing
The e-journal pricing through consortia varies from publishers
to publishers and from same publishers to different library
groups depending upon number of factors and issues
Price Influencing Factors
Quantum of business
Number of consortia members
Types of institutions
Contract period
Number of IP enabled nodes
Number of campuses
Value added services
Rights to archive
Perpetual access
Training facilities
Multi year agreement
Pricing Models
No Universally Acceptable E-journals
Pricing and Licensing Models
Ongoing experimentation
Negotiation possible
Charge for content
Delivery format optional
Increasingly will be based on usage
Pricing Models in Operation
Bundled – Free with print
AIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley
Print as base + surcharge on electronic
Premium payments range from10-25%
ACS, OSA
Electronic only
Small increase - ACS
Same price - OSA
Discount from print AIP, AMS
Totally unbundled – No discount for both
JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y)
Free e-version only
Charge for print if required
British Medical Journal
Continue…
Pricing Models in Operation
Membership/Community Fee
Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt.
Authors funded – Page charges
Usage based pricing
…Continued
Funding
- Concurrent users
- Site population
- Based on FTE
All
titles of publishers with print optional
Subject clusters
Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from
single/multiple collection
Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts
Free completely – Differently funded
Extra fee for software
Continue…
Customers Expectations
Readers
Authors
Enhanced content
Quality imprint
critical mass
journal brand
multimedia, more colour,
stamp of authority
additional data, ‘live’ math
improved visibility
Enhanced functionality
Better author service
powerful search, alerting
responsiveness
Seamless access
faster publication
ubiquitous access to past and
times
present
web-submissions,
Powerful links
web peer review
abstracts to full text
…Continued
Pricing Models in Operation
Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive
Extra for value added services
Consortium discount
Number of sites
Consortium surcharge
Access to all consortia titles
All titles of publisher
Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view
Slice and dice pricing
– Single article sales
– Deposit accounts
– Article bundles
– Current and archive subscriptions
Libraries: Expectations & Experiences
Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals
Quick and Simplified Negotiations
Single offers cannot meet all needs
Pricing options desirable
Extended electronic access desirable
Unresolved terms and conditions
Publishers are experimenting with pricing
Clarity on VAT
Regional, State, National consortia can be influential
Option for Unbundling electronic from print
Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers
Price alone is not the only factor (licence, archiving)
Experiences of Publishers
Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only
Parallel publishing environment
Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies
Protection of current revenue
Closer to the market (community feedback)
Guarantee of new subscriptions?
VAT
Consistency with consortia overseas
Challenges traditional pricing & ‘selling’ of information
Consortia
Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of Institutions that have
Common Interests
So……..
There is a need for striking the balance between cooperation
and competition both among libraries and among publishers.
Both publishers and libraries should look for sustainable
economic models based on values.
This is where Consortia can play a major play.
Consortia Challenges
Access
control and portals
New price models
Transition to e-only
Perpetual access
Archiving
Tight budgets
Consortia Goals
Increase the access base
More e-Journals
Rational utilization of funds
A little more pays a lot
Ensure the continuous subscription
Qualitative resource sharing
Effective document delivery service
Avoid
price plus models
Pay for up-front products not for R&D
…Continued
Consortia Goals
Improved infrastructure
Enhanced image of the library
Visibility for smaller libraries
Improve existing library services
Boosting professional image
Harness developments in IT
Facilitate building digital libraries
Cost sharing for technical and training support
Access from desktops of users
Increase user base
Consortia Services
Union catalogues
Books, Journals, Technical Reports and Conference Proceedings
Shared library systems
Hardware, Software and other infrastructure
Shared professional expertise
Develop and realize consortia goals
Human resource development
Training staff and users
Electronic
contents licensing for providing access to
Bibliographic databases, e-Journals, Full test reports, Conference
Proceedings etc.
Inter Library Lending and Document Delivery
….contd.
Consortia Services
…Continued
Electronic content loading
Contents generated by members and acquired on common
server
Physical storage for archiving
Old back volumes and less used documents
Seminar/training programmes
Professional development to serve user community
Development of enabling technologies
IR systems, Portals and other web interfaces
Evolve standards for techniques, hardware, software and
services
Consortia Models
Participants Oriented Models
Geographical location linked
Ex: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group
Libraries in the same discipline
Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group
Libraries belonging to the same parent organization
Ex: - CSIR LICs
Libraries of academic organizations
Ex: - INFLIBNET
Consortia Models
Purpose Oriented Models
Consortia for accessing electronic journals
Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection
Consortia for training and library workshops
Consortia Models
Client Oriented Models
Clients according to their age
Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen
Clients according to their interest
Ex: - sports, game
Clients according to their educational background
Ex: - Technical, Professional
Consortia Negotiation Objectives
Discounts for electronic journals
Ideally, choice of electronic-only
Added value
Standardised licensing
Single year agreements
Extended electronic access
Capped annual inflation
Price including Back files
Maintain existing spend level
Limit on cancellations
Print optional at deep discount
Consortia Values
Libraries Vs Publishers
Libraries
Usefulness
Members driven
Lower price
Full text access
Expert vs. Student
Accessing Internet resources
Combined purchasing power
Simplify purchase procedure
Distribute financial and other risk
Increase participation of members
No storage & documentation
problem
Instant Access
Quality of services
Free flow of information
Sharing – ideas, information
Contribution – time, resources
Publishers
Pricing/Education
Usage Reporting
Linking/Delivery
Interface options
Indexing/Filtering
Gain credibility with libraries
Increased marketing
Reduced cost of production
Reduced surcharges like mailing
Less extra efforts and expenditure for new customers
Get consortium tool
o Gather library information
o Invoice libraries
o Products support
Pricing Models
“No universally acceptable pricing models, but ongoing experimentation with
lot of scope for negotiation”
Influencing Factors
Quantum of business
Number of consortia members
Types of institutions
Contract period
Number of IP enabled nodes
Number of campuses
Value added services
Rights to archive
Perpetual access
Training facilities
Multi year agreement
Publishers Issues
Free titles on Internet
Free access against print subscription
All titles of a publisher for fixed fee
Surcharge on print subscription
Discounts for electronic journals
Capped annual inflation
Discounts on non-subscribed titles
Access to subject clusters
Protection of current revenue
Uncertainty of new subscription
Single point payment
E-Only not all publishers ready
Innovative Initiatives
Academic
self publishing
Journal of High Energy Physics - SISSA
e-prints (see arXiv.org)
Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
Library initiatives
HighWire Press - U Stanford Library
‘Digital’ Press
Ingenta, HighWire
Government-funded initiatives
PubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL)
Archival approaches
JSTOR
Creating online communities, portals
ChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb
Journal deconstruction
‘Virtual’ Journals
E-prints Archives
Physics E-Print Archive (www.arxiv.org)
- started by Paul Ginsparg (high energy physicist) in 1991
- hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently moved
to Cornell U
- supported by academic, government funding
Free at point of use, very popular
>167,000 submissions since launch in August 1991
Subject based
A Lot More for a Little Extra
Access
to all titles of publishers for little surcharge
Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap
Users happy – Wider access
Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater visibility
of titles
But what about non-major publishers?
Discount on multiple print copies
Pricing Models: Issues
Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility.
Pricing should be market- based not formulaic.
Senior scientists/ librarians may resistant to the transition
from print to electronic.
Small publishers like professional societies not
enthusiastic about consortia pricing.
Publisher – Customer disconnect
Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print
Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print
Trends in Pricing Models
Increasing numbers offer electronic-only version
Virtual Journals
Continued experimentation of models
More publishers to offer consortia pricing
More subject specific packages
Price decreasing
More will offer pay-per-view/transactional allowance
Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price
Choice of format and added functionality
Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity)
Ongoing access to core and occasional to peripheral
material
The increasing archive will have a price on it
Strong Links make Strong Consortia
Geographical
Coverage
Funding
Mission
Strategic
Consortia
Issues
Programs
Tactical
Library
Types
Payment
Practical
Staffing
Service
Technology
Governance
Indian Consortia Initiatives
INDEST (IISc, IITs, IIMs, …..)…MHRD
Consortia of IIMs
CSIR Consortia
RGUHS: HELINET
FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and
Astrophysics)
ICICI- Knowledge Park
ISRO Initiative
INFLIBNET Initiative
Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries
Lack of awareness about consortia benefits
Slow acceptance of e-information by the users.
Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians
Maintenance and balancing both physical and DL
Inadequate funds
Single point payment
Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules
Problems of defining asset against payment
Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries
Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable
Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources.
Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources
Unreliable telecom links and insufficient bandwidth
( But lot of developments in pipeline)
Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools
Lack of trained personnel for handling new technologies
Absence
of strong professional association
Big brother attitude
Difficult Issues
Pricing
Perpetual Access and Archiving
What does customer get at end of
develop more, workable models
contract? is there a residual
develop models that can be
product?
understood
Is it a useful residual?
identify pricing incentives
Is there any ownership of a
subscription/site vs. transactional
physical artifact (cd, tape, etc.)?
choices
Is backup allowed?
Prices commensurate with value
being added?
Who does all this and at what cost?
shouldn’t the electronic environment What do we all really want/need
be more
here?
affordable than print?
Strong Links Make for Strong Chains
Payment
Mission
&
Vision
Sponsor
Staffing
Funding
Consortium
Governance
Technology
Type of
Library
Geography
Services Programs