Telepresence for the Teleworkplace: Living-in versus visiting Cyberspace… Making Telepresence a Reality Gordon Bell ([email protected]) Bay Area Research Center Microsoft Research http://www.research.microsoft.com/barc/gbell Telework.
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Telepresence for the Teleworkplace: Living-in versus visiting Cyberspace… Making Telepresence a Reality Gordon Bell ([email protected]) Bay Area Research Center Microsoft Research http://www.research.microsoft.com/barc/gbell Telework Outline Telepresence and Telework – Teleworking environment – Overhead: Support & Administrivia – The “work” Telepresence dimensions Telepresentations: the 2nd killer app! Telecollaboration: killer app to come? “The work” Is it for everyone? Telework “Therapy from long distance debated” - SJ Mercury 5 April 1998 http://www.sjmercury.com/breaking/headline1/056580.htm Telework What is Telepresence? Being there without really being there or then Injecting your presence into tele-space Being immersed in the tele-space Telework Telepresence Components Video Audio Slides, images, web pages Text chat Shared applications Whiteboards Voting, question taking Telework Time-shifting beats Space-shifting Gets around scheduling problems – World’s time zones! Lets me pause, rewind, browse, play at faster speeds Immortality Time-shifting requires STORAGE !!!Telework Today’s killer app : Telepresentations One-way mostly – Not meeting or collaboration settings – forget the network latencies and messy social issues Presenter and/or audience telepresent Slides and audio get you 99% and are bandwidth cheap Practical and low cost now Telework Telework = (cyber) work + telepresence … being there while being here, and at some other time. Goal: teleoffice/teleworkplace = workplace office The teleworkplace is ideally just a “remote office” W/O – Communication, computer, and network support! – Team interactions for work! CSCW is a “rat hole”! – Interaction at coffee, meeting rooms, … in offices – Administrative support for phones, information (especially paper) management, keeping track of Always on & always connected to intranet/intranet ...! Telecommunication aka phone & email -- the first, “killer apps” Telepresentations -- the 2nd “killer app” Tele-collaboration -- the “killer app” to come Telework Videotaped Lectures convert to Video On Demand for Telepresentations Telework Telecommuting versus time Telework Teleworking CW 9/1/97 15% 2 yr increase, 11 Mpeople, avg. 19 Hr/wk 42% of US Co’s; 22% have policies (screening, worker expectations, liability, IP protection, etc. Are telecommuters more productive? – 30% yes – 50% same – 4% no – 16% don’t know Are telecommuters more accessible? – 13% yes – 40% same – 40% no – 7% don’t know Telework Living in Cyberspace: the environment for telepresence / telework Telework SOHO (small office, home office) network computing environment POTS (legacy services) IP Dial tone (Internet, phone, videophone) >1.5 Mbps NT Server for: comm/network, POTS/IP gateway, file, print, compute LAN PC Phone ... PC Phone ... NC* Phone *NC, NetPC, Xterm, etc. Telework Intrastructure Telework Tecra & Libretto Replacement… at 3# Telework A Teleworkplace Telework A Whiteboard Telework SOHO AKA COMOHO Teleworking Environment or is it? Guardian Angel: intercom, records what we read, see, and hear… protects us from ourselves and othersTelework Libretto, .5mm Not shown: ECG; PCS; Pilot GPS; Compass; altimeter Libretto PS, Ricoh Camera; Swiss Army Knife Telework Audio, pix, T, P, ECG, location, physiological parameters… 1 GB Telework Conference Rooms with Teleconferencing Telework Telework Telemeeting clone Telework Telework clones… being in more than one place at the same time Telework Animatron... Telework Telework & communications dimensions •Who and how many are interacting? •What is the nature of the interaction? •Which professions? •Mechanisms: How are they interacting? Telework Mechanisms (how) Synchronous The Space of Telepresence for work ICQ, Internet phone & phone conf. RealAudio & simple graphics Workspace for remote program control Whiteboard (groups) ... Videophone Remote Rover (Robot Videophone) email Formal presentations sans video Asynchronous ... Voice & Videomail Video lectures & courses Telework Telepresence: who and what WHO 1:1 person-person communication What view (troll) hallways, “seeking interaction” 1:1 interview, status report, etc. 1-6 videophone calls for 1:n-site broadcasting or (design, problem solving, Mbone narrowcasting authoring) distributed group. >2 - 5 - hold staff meetings with 1 or more members 10 - 100 distributed ---attend classes person-computer formal meetings (lectures, conferences, stockholder computer management (no meetings, town halls, persons) etc..) Telework n:m 2-site-site video conference Telepresence Mechanisms (for Work) Synchronous Internet phone & phone conferencing Internet Videophone RealAudio & Overhead graphics Shared applications Whiteboards CU SeeMe on POTS… IP Videophone Mbone Video conferencing Room Video conferencing Remote Rover (Robot Videophone) Asynchronous voice mail…STT email ... TTS Home pages replace bulletin boards, file transport, and document distribution Schedule & “Notes” Voice and Video “email” Telepresentations (meetings, presentations, & courses) Telework Voice and Visual Alternatives (in order of increasing B/W) Voice* TTS (synthetic or speaker driven) 4 Kb-64 Kb codec of real voice Stereo of real voice Stereo with sound source identification Projection into arbitrary virtual world environment *variable speed Visual AKA Video* Text avatar (simple… photo) Avatar with voice sync Avatar of real person Video codec based projection – “Postage stamp” … POTS – “Mailing label” … ISDN or 2x POTS – Compressed VHS (200 Kbps) – MPEG 2 (1- 4 Mbps) Speaker tracking, 1-n cameras VR image of a large space 3d images “holodeck” Animatron e.g. Barney Mobile Animatron Telework *Meeting in real or virtual world Telepresentations: The 2nd killer app? Telework Telepresentations “Being There (e.g. meeting, lecture, confererene) Without Really Being There (or Then)” Presenter or audience need not be physically present Reach a wider audience “I have a schedule conflict.” Anybody with a web connection can participate Reduce costs No need to travel to attend or participate in a presentation Education & training, corporate Telework communication Telework Motivation: Telepresentations • Presenter and/or audience telepresent NOT: meeting or collaboration settings Forget the nasty social issues! Mostly one-way Telework Telepresentation Elements Slides Audio Video Script, text comments, hyperlinks, etc. Telework Telepresentations: The Essentials Slide and audio a must Add some video (low quality) to make us feel good Storage and transmission costs low Telework Telepresentations: The Killer App Increased attendance & lower travel costs Practical and low-cost NOW e.g. ACM97 - 2,000 visitors in real space, 20,000 visitors on Internet http://research.microsoft.com/acm97 Telework This talk Would you like to pause, rewind, browse? Do you wish you could have seen this – At home? – At another time? How much does a present speaker add? How much would you pay for real presence? Telework Telework About storage: one CD holds four, “near VHS quality” hours of video Telework Telepresentation Structure Telework Telecollaboration: The next “killer app” interacting to achieve a common objective … basically, its communications enabling or disabling people Telework Tools for telecollaboration Powerpoint: conference & record, Precept: mbone multicasting NetShow: On demand viewing of video 28.8 - 100 Kb CuSeeMe: audio, video, whiteboard NetMeeting: audio, 2 way video, chat, whiteboard, program sharing Placeware for large scale meetings, presentations, and collaborations Latitude MeetingPlace phone & data conference Active Touch web-based phoneTelework & data conference Active Touch Live Collaboration Architecture Collaboration Clustering Server Data Data Data Collaboration Collaboration Collaboration Server Server Server CTI Server CTI Server Telework Active Touch Data Collaboration Services Data Collaboration Server Chat Doc Review Presentation Interactive Forms Web Tour Application Sharing Application Viewing Desktop Sharing Launch NetMeeting To CTI Servers Conf. Control Multipoint Comm. Service HTTP TCP/IP Web Server Telework Active Touch Administration and Enterprise Integration Admin and EI Billing & Directory Accounting Service Module Database Database Active Directory Service (LDAP) Object Storage Security Module Archive Module Third Enterprise Public Database Party Key Data Repository Repository Infrastructure Telework Collaboration Application Server: Criteria Robust, scalable Data & Telephony Tight Integration Web Integration Easy-To-Use Security Open Standards (HTTP, TSAPI, LDAP, T.120, Encryption) Enterprise Application Integration Performance High Availability Customizable Telework Telecollaboration Low latency, high bandwidth for interactivity, feeling, nuances Channels: – speech (including spatialization) – the “work” I.e. document, diagram, program, presentation, etc. – video output: forces attendance and holds attention – video input: “state” of the receiver cues – whiteboard – chat channels Telework Telework: It takes screens, sound, and bandwidth, stupid Telework http://research.microsoft.com/barc/GBell/ “ By April 1, 2001 videophones will ship in 50% of the PCs and be in use. ” Gordon Bell vs Jim Gray 1996 (one paper, loser gets fed) Telework How to fail at video-telephony Have just a few video-telephones… defy Metcalfe’s Law Have audio latency Make calling more difficult and timeconsuming than placing a phone call Eliminate gaze awareness and eye contact Telework How to fail at videoconferencing Break the video-telephony rules Stick with poor mono audio and don’t provide stereo Make the images very small so that users can’t see the other participants Destroy any sense of spatial positioning Telework Four steps to video-telephony enabling telemeetings Very low cost IP telephony becomes ubiquitous Evolve audio to provide spatial awareness aka stereo, quad, etc. Make recording easy to do Add multi-party Telework Limits of Computer Supported Collaborative Work -- CSCW We don’t understand collaboration We do it for design of chips, software, 777s “One person has the mouse” problem Camera is important NOT for comm. channel, but for signals from attendees (did they “get it”), and to keep & force attendee attention Parallel processing and single threading of tasks Limited parallelism for the job Brook’s Law matters! Telework Attending Several Simultaneous Meetings Telework Alternative Computing Futures • Metropolis (1926) • Forbidden Planet (1956) • 2001 (1968) Telework Photos courtesy of Microsoft Cinemania But does anyone want telework? Telework A People Model: Who wants to telework? Spock formal (in writing) Analyticals.. being right, detailed email Drivers… results oriented broadcast - push megalomaniacs Self-control anal retentives informal (verbal) Amiables… consensus builders Expressives... want recognition, need contact Managing Interpersonal Relationships (MIR) 2D Model --------------chat---------------Sally Field spineless wimps Souter psychotics Evangelism Swaggert Telework Problems: socio vs technical Isolation & loneliness – need for communication/stimulation – chance meetings -- serendipity of ideas – loss of group/teamwork skills – danger of becoming “terminal” interruptions & focus lack of support staff to help, answer ?s supervision and ability to have 1:1 unclear that many people want it… they simply need the contact with people Telework Good News Bandwidth will come Audio and video compression is improving to live within POTS limit Videophones will be built-into all PCs within 5 years at 0 cost Telepresentations are here for “live” and “on demand” use This will change education! Telecollaboration tools work for Telework simple apps… and will improve Telepresence: 5, 10, … 50 year goals hold a meeting of type, m university or technical course interview, staff meeting, co-ordination, board meeting, annual meeting, “town hall”, with p, distributed persons with as much interactivity, I, and feeling, f such that people prefer being telepresent; and meetings are provably more productive meetings will evolve to be asynchronous versus traditional synchronous enabling full timeshifting so that people can be in two places at Telework the same time The End Telework Time and Motion Study Where does all the time go? Can anything be parallelized? Is there an app to help? – Will the gain be worth the pain? What is likely to be a fruitless and/or overworked area e.g. tele-collaboration? Telework Time and motion of teleworker (me) context & “doing” Context Doing Microsoft sleeping, feeding, Families traveling – Wife goofing-off, social – Friend interacting, vacationing – Children & supporting infrastructure grandchildren administriving – TCM grazing, learning GB Corp communicating – Startup WORKING?* – Consultant-atlarge * building, deciding, interacting, presenting, Telework problem-solving, testing, thinking, writing… Group Structure of Interaction solo pair small productive group of 3-6 group gropes, edutainment, formal meetings 10-100 whole organization or organizationat-large world Telework Administrivia: paper and phones Telework Administrivia, paper and phone coexistence With no administrative support, we are our own administrative assistants, secretaries, and gofers. Forms and travel arrangements Calendar management Paper handling and its database – Identification, input, indexing, and interface – Interface to message management database Message management database – email, voicemail, fax, contacts, calendar – phone and videophone must be “on line” Telework Personal databaseS management are a major time sink Coexisting with Paper Paper disappears as transmission & storage media, but not for portability & screen dump Goals of “automating” paper: – – No more time-consuming than discarding it Input, Identify, OCR, Index, save, and retrieve in every possible context – Biz cards, fax, reports, brochures, ...photos – Give things back in context – Totally eliminate the need for copiers – Interface: unobtrusive and humane Success is measured by elimination of FILING Cabinets!! Telework What paper must we handle? letters (diminishing, given email) forms that require signatures, often via fax clipped articles e.g. graphs, journals, misc. book pages technical reports that need to be OCR'd with figs copies of documents e.g. stocks, signature pages, and licenses. Originals are stored elsewhere. small, non-critical document e.g. insurance policies, receipts, warrantees large documents that are OCR’d e.g. contracts. Original storage may be kept somewhere else. scraps of paper e.g. receipts, checks, bills …must be legal images business cards that go into an electronic address book photographs and slides. legacy acetate presentations? 700 page text image requires 50 Mbytes, at a cost of $5. A 5 GB disk holds 100 books., or 1000 bbif encoded! Telework Coexisting with the telephone Overall integration with the computer Answering machine, recorder, and transcriber And database with transcription, keywords, and voice “Wildfire” it … finds me ICQ capability for both computer and phone Telework Capturing, storing and retreiving everything we’ve ever: heard (said), seen (presented), and read (written) Telework Memex Telework Storing all we’ve read, heard, & seen Human data-types read text, few pictures /hr 200 K /day (/4yr) 2 -10 M/G /lifetime 60-300 G speech text @120wpm speech @1KBps 43 K 3.6 M 0.5 M/G 40 M/G 15 G 1.2 T stills w/voice @100KB 200 K 2 M/G 60 G video-like 50Kb/s POTS video 200Kb/s VHS-lite 22 M 90 M .25 G/T 1 G/T 25 T 100 T video 4.3Mb/s HDTV/DVD 1.8 G 20 G/T 1P Telework Storage and data-rate requirements for common office data-types Documents page or fax business card snapshot 350 page book image 100 K 5K 3M 25 M Human data-types read text, few pictures speech text @120wpm speech @1KBps Video comp. 50KbPOTS video comp. 200Kb VHS video comp. 4.3Mb DVD compressed 4K 500 100 K 1-2 M /hr 200 K 43 K 3.6 M 22 M 90 M 1.8 G /day 2 -10 M 0.5 M 40 M .25 G 1G 20 G #/GB 10K;250K 200K;2M 10,000 40;750 /lifetime 60-300 G 15 G 1.2 T 25 T 100 T 1P Telework Telepresence for work: requirements Telepresence = space and time shifting Goal: teleoffice/teleworkplace = workplace office Limited space, bandwidth, administrative and computer support infrastructure, AND interaction Need: run all office and professional apps, support computing environment, and be always connected New app opportunities: telepresentations (e.g. NetShow, Powerpoint conferencing); Web is the greatest library ever created Create “presence” for collaboration by apps sharing (e.g. NetMeeting, Placeware) Administrative support including paper handling! Telework Short term bets: large disks (e.g 20GB), more displays, videophones, cameras, scanners, bandwidth limits Telework & telepresence: a forcing function into several areas... Home Network Network connection is always on … and at high speed Support (at reasonable cost) for all apps… -- the teleworker = system admin Office work… e.g. paperlessness, message mgm’t “recording all we read, write, hear, and see” -- the teleworker = admin. assistant aka secretary Telepresence… attending meetings and lectures, taking courses, etc. without travel Collaboration on a work project without travel Telework Why telepresence now? Telework It’s the near-term platforms, stupid! (multimedia is finally happening) Text & 2D graphics >> images, voice, & video The WEB: being anywhere and doing anything Disk sizes and cost c1998 – $50-100 / GB – 4 GB standard; CD-R; and 20-40 GB MO R/W The videophone will emerge for distributed conferences Document, picture, and video capture and compression – 10,000 to 250,000 pages / GB; 10,000 pictures / GB – 40-400 books / GB or $0.25-2.50 / book – Plethora of … CAMERAS EVERYWHERE! – More Screens. We need at least two! Voice and video compression* – 250 hours / GB voice Telework – Stamp size-VHS: 12-50 hours / GB; Audio: Surround sound that is part of V-places Telework: Summary The web is the enabler. We still lack B/W. Technology is coming, research lags in handling – Storage of all text, audio, and useful video – Videophones, cameras, netPCs, WebTV, etc. – More pixels we require to increase “presence” – Adequate audio… the “killer” component A big part of telework is just office productivity – Coexistence with computer, paper, telephone, – Data-types require a multimedia database – Computer and network management is a real “time killer” CSCW is a rathole. We don’t understand CW – The killer apps are simple: telepresentations and shared apps Being connected all the time is essential Telework