Transcript MEE-Net Palang Thai Bangkok, Thailand 5 Oct 2009 Chris Greacen Energy efficiency & Renewable Energy Thailand.

MEE-Net
Palang Thai
Bangkok, Thailand 5 Oct 2009
Chris Greacen
Energy efficiency &
Renewable
Energy Thailand
Role of renewable energy in Thai electricity (MWh)
Hydropower
7.4%
Lignite
12.7%
Fuel oil
6.3%
imported coal
4.5%
Purchase from Malaysia
1.9%
Diesel
0.1%
Sugar cane
0.59%
Rice husk
0.06%
Rubber waste
0.03%
Natural gas
66.1%
Renewable
Energy
1%
Source: 16 March 2007, Policy to support renew able energy electricity production (in Thai). Presentation by
EPPO. Pathumw an Hotel. Bangkok.
Other renewables
0.32%
Total :141,948 GWh
Thailand PDP
New ก
capacity
addedต
the PDP
บรรจุในแผน PDP2007
ี่ ก2007
ทถู
ิ toใหม่
ำล ังกำรผล
(MW)
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
17% of SPP
20000
=
renewables 15000
10000
5000
0
L1
SPP
B1
Nuclear
H1
Gas
L2
B2
Coal
H2
L3
B3
Gas Turbine
L = low case B = base case H = high case
1=“lowest cost” 2=“as much coal as acceptable” 3=“LNG + imports”
H3
Import
PDPs of the Pacific Northwest, USA
Source: Seattle City Light
What is Energy Efficiency?
• Energy Efficiency: using less energy to provide
the same level of energy service
Energy efficiency
REAL COST OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
• Based on a 50 hp motor
running 8760 hours
over year for 10 years
Potential savings are huge
• “US could save 3/4 of its electric use (1/4
lights, 1/4 motors, 1/4 others) by fully
retrofitting best existing technologies at below
short-run marginal supply cost.”
– Source: Amory Lovins.
http://www.nci.org/conf/lovins/ppt/index_files/frame.htm
California energy conservation programs
save $1000 per family/year
Total Electricity Use, per capita, 1960 - 2001
kWh
14,000
12,000
12,000
U.S.
10,000
8,000
KWh
8,000
7,000
6,000
California
4,000
2,000
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
0
Cost of Energy (US cents/kWH)
Saving electricity is cheaper than
generating it
10.0
8.2
Demand Side Management (saving electricity)
8.0
6.0
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
Lowsulphur
coal w/o
FGD
Lowsulphur fuel
oil w/o
FGD
LNG
5.5
4.0
4.0
2.6
2.1
2.0
1.5
DSM
Hydro from
Gas
Lignite with
Laos
combined
FGD
cycle
Actual 10-year
DSM average
cost!!!
Lowsulphur
coal with
FGD
Nuclear
Type of Power Plant
Source: The World Bank (1993), actual from EGAT
World Bank commissioned study on energy
efficiency and renewable energy
alternatives to Nam Theun 2
Source: du Pont, P. (2005). Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Project (NT2) Impact of Energy Conservation, DSM, and Renewable
Energy Generation on EGAT's Power Development Plan. Bangkok, World Bank.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAOPRD/Resources/DSMmarch2005.pdf
"Nature has enough for our need,
but not enough for our greed."
What is Renewable Energy?
• Renewable: harnesses energy flows in nature
in ways that do not deplete those flows.
• Fossil: use it, and it is gone…
• About 20% of all power sector investment worldwide is now in renewables
Global growth rates of renewable
energy capacity (MW) 2002-2006
Source: Renewables 2007 Global Status Report. www.ren21.net
Thai VSPP feed-in tariffs
Fuel
Adder
Additional for Additional for Years effective
diesel offsetting 3 southern
areas
provinces
Biomass
Capacity <= 1 MW
$ 0.015
$
0.030
$
0.030
Capacity > 1 MW
$ 0.009
$
0.030
$
0.030
Biogas
<= 1 MW
$ 0.015
$
0.030
$
0.030
> 1 MW
$ 0.009
$
0.030
$
0.030
Waste (community waste, non-hazardous industrial and not organic matter)
Fermentation
Thermal process
Wind
<= 50 kW
> 50 kW
Micro-hydro
50 kW - <200 kW
<50 kW
Solar
7
7
7
7
$ 0.074
$ 0.104
$
$
0.030
0.030
$
$
0.030
0.030
7
7
$ 0.134
$ 0.104
$
$
0.045
0.045
$
$
0.045
0.045
10
10
$ 0.024
$ 0.045
$ 0.238
$
$
$
0.030
0.030
0.045
$
$
$
0.030
0.030
0.045
7
7
10
Assumes exchange rate 1 Thai baht = 0.029762 U.S. dollars
Tariff
=
Biomass tariff =
adder(s) + bulk supply tariff + FT charge
$0.009 + $0.049
+ $0.027
= $0.085/kWh
Thai VSPP feed-in tariffs
Fuel
Old
adder
Adder
Additional
for diesel
offsetting
areas
Additional for Years
3 southern
effective
provinces
Biomass
- Capacity <= 1 MW
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.0
- Capacity > 1 MW
0.3
0.3
1.0
1.0
Biogas
- <= 1 MW
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.0
- > 1 MW
0.3
0.3
1.0
1.0
Waste (community waste, non-hazardous industrial and not organic matter)
- Fermentation
2.5
2.5
1.0
1.0
- Thermal process
2.5
3.5
1.0
1.0
Wind
- <= 50 kW
3.5
4.5
1.5
1.5
- > 50 kW
3.5
3.5
1.5
1.5
Micro-hydro
- 50 kW - <200 kW
0.4
0.80
1.0
1.0
- <50 kW
0.8
1.5
1.0
1.0
Solar
8.0
8.0
1.5
1.5
Tariff
=
Biomass tariff =
adder(s) + bulk supply tariff + FT charge
0.3 THB + 1.66 THB
+ 0.91 THB
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
7
7
10
= 2.87 THB/kWh
Thai VSPP MW applied, received permission, PPA
signed, and selling – as of September 2009
3500
3000
Capacity (MW)
2500
2000
1500
Biomass
Solar
1000
Wind
Garbage
Biogas
500
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Applied
Received
permission
Microhydro
PPA signed
Generating
electricity
Thai SPP MW applied, received permission, PPA signed,
and selling – as of September 2009
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
Natural gas cogen
Coal cogen
Bunker oil
bunker oil residues
Natural gas byproduct
2000
1500
Waste gas
1000
Coal & eucalyptus waste
Coal & black rubber oil
500
Biomass
Black rubber oil
0
Applied
Received
permission PPA signed
Solar
Generating
electricity
Solar
13.7 km
TESCO Lotus, Rama I,
460 kWp, Cost: 75,165,000 baht
13.7 km
0.037% of
Thailand area 
100% peak load
(22,586 MW)
World-wide
2006: 6,000 MWp cumulative
2007: >9,000 MWp cumulative
Bangkok Solar 1 MW PV
 Project size: 1 MW
 Uses self-manufactured a-Si






Solar
3 kW = 660,000 baht
Thai population: 65,069,000
Person per household: 5
Households: 13,014,000
System size: 3 kW
If 58% of households  100% of peak load
VSPP subsidy: 8 baht / kWh
Thai solar home systems
203,000 solar home systems
Sustainability challenge
Wind
Thai wind
potential:
1600 MW (?)





Hundreds of watts to 5 MW per turbine
Denmark gets >17% electricity from wind
At windy site, US 5 cents/kWh (1.65 baht/kWh)
VSPP subsidy: 3.5 baht/kWh
1 MW = 35,000,000 baht
22,045 MW =
Thailand’s
peak load in
2009
• Second fastest growing power source world wide. Grew by 28% per
year, led by Germany, with over 22 GW installed as of 2008.
Wind energy – human scale
http://natee2007.thaiza.com
8,200 baht
17.7
baht/kWh
Thai wind
pioneers build
wind power
themselves.
Rice husk fired power plant
 9.8 MW
 Roi Et province
 VSPP: Subsidy 0.3 baht/kWh
Korat Waste to Energy - biogas




Uses waste water from cassava to make methane
Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity
3 x 1 MW gas generators
Adder 0.3 baht/kWh
Reduces air and water pollution
Biogas from
Pig Farms
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
8 x 70 kW generator
Ratchaburi
Subsidy: 0.3 baht/kwh
Components of a Biomass Gasifier System
Biomass
BIOMASS
10
Filters
1
2
Engine
11
3
12
8
Electricity
ELECTRICITY
5
6
7
9
4
xx
1
Biomass Hopper / Gasifier reactor chamber
7
Fine Woody Material Filter
2
Hot Gas Line
8
Fine Cloth Filter
3
Gas Scrubber / Cooler
9
Gas Blower/Fan
4
Recycled Water Cooler
10
Gas Flare Unit
5
Course Woody Material Gas Filter
11
Engine
6
Fine Woody Material Gas Filter
12
Dynamo
32
Biomass Fuels Used in
Cambodia
Fine Grain Biomass (FBG)
“Woody” Biomass (WBG)
Rice husk gasifier
Rice mill in Nakorn Sawan
400 kW
Micro-hydro technology
Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.
Micro-hydro technology
Pelton
Turgo
Crossflow
Kaplan
Centrifugal
pump
Thai Potential:
1000s of projects - 700 MW (?)
Mae Kam Pong, Chiang Mai
DEDE + community
40 kW
4 million baht cost
Sell electricity to PEA – 400,000 baht/year
VSPP subsidy: 1.5 baht/kWh
Thai Potential:
10,000s of projects – 10s MW (?)
Huai Krating, Tak
Power: 3 kW
Head: 35 meter
Flow: 20 liters/second
Cost: <200,000 baht
(turbine - 24,500 baht)
Constructed: 2548 (2005)
Solar water heating
Summary
• Thailand’s electricity planning includes
little energy efficiency and renewables
• Energy efficiency – inexpensive, abundant
• The world market for renewable energy is
exploding
• Renewable energy is growing quickly in
Thailand, especially through VSPP
program, but on a small base.
Thank you
For more information, please contact
[email protected]
This presentation available at:
www.palangthai.org/docs
Target and Achieved to Date as of June 2000
Based on Afternoon Peak (2:00 p.m.)
PROGRAM
Launch Date
Lighting
Refrigerator
Air Conditioner
Motor
Commercial Building
TOTAL
Sept. 1993
Sept. 1994
Sept. 1995
Dec. 1996
Oct. 1995
Savings Target (1998)
MW
139
27
22
30
20
238
GWh
759
186
117
225
140
1,427
Achieved To Date
MW
628.84
72.96
44.66
0.21
8.20
755
Percent Achieved
GWh
2,373.85
532.63
679.28
1.23
23.50
3,610
MW
452%
270%
203%
1%
41%
317%
GWh
313%
286%
581%
1%
17%
253%
CO2
Reduction
(Tons)
1,771,157
397,401
506,818
918
17,530
2,693,824
Note : 1. Cost Effectiveness of DSM Program
•
•
•
Estimated Total DSM Expenditures to Date
Cost of Peak Demand Saving
Cost of Energy Saving
2. Lighting Program
•
•
•
•
Fluorescent Tube
CFL
Low-Loss Ballast
HPSV Street Light
3. Commercial Bldg. Program
• Fluorescent Tubes & Reflectors
• CFL
• Thermal Energy Storage at EGAT
=
=
1,814.50
2,403.69
million Baht
Baht/kW
=
0.5026
Baht/kWh
MW
GWh
627.55
1.29
-
2,279.96
2,279.69
5.78
16.48
MW
1.14
6.58
0.48
GWh
3.47
20.03
-
EGAT
Fuel mix in power generation
GWh
Import
Nuke
RE
Gas
Coal
Lignite
Hydro