Transcript Politics and practice in power sector planning and reform: a case study of Thailand Chuenchom Sangarasri Greacen Chris Greacen 11 April 2012 Class IPOL 8548A:Interdisciplinary analysis.

Politics and practice in power sector
planning and reform:
a case study of Thailand
Chuenchom Sangarasri Greacen
Chris Greacen
11 April 2012
Class IPOL 8548A:Interdisciplinary analysis for energy policy
Monterey Institute of International Studies
Thailand in context

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








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
• Constitutional monarchy with a
parliamentary system (similar to
England)
• Size: about 4/5 of California
• Population: 66 million (2x that of
CA)
• GDP (PPP): $553 billion (1/3 of CA’s)
• GDP per capita: $8,500 (1/6 of
CA’s)
• Energy consumption: 57 million
BTU (1/4 of CA’s)
• Peak power demand: 23 GW (<half
of CA’s)
• 99.8% of villages are electrified
ELECTRICITY GENERATING AUTHORITY OF THAILAND






ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM OF THAILAND
SYSTEM PLANNING DIVISION
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING DEPARTMENT
ISSUED DATE : JANUARY 2007
DWG. NO. EPS 2002
Brief history of Thai power sector
• 1960s: decentralized coops in close competition with
centralized utilities as the model to electrify
Thailand.
• Centralized model chosen not by technical superiority but
rather by Cold War politics
• 1960s-90s: rapid expansion of power system by
state-owned utilities
• World Bank and aid agencies had major roles
• 1990s: neoliberal reforms
• Partial divestiture of EGAT’s generation assets (EGCO, RATCH)
• Small and Independent Power Producers (SPPs/IPPs)
• Role of private foreign capital
Brief history of Thai power sector (2)
• 2000s-present:
• Plan to create Power Pool abandoned
• Attempt to partially privatize (equitize) monopoly EGAT in
the stock market thwarted by civil society’s lawsuit
• But increasing financialization of electricity in the stock
market continued via EGAT’s subsidiaries, other Thai
energy companies and their joint ventures with foreign
capital
• Increasing roles of Thai listed non-energy companies (e.g.
construction) in power project investment
• Mushrooming power projects, domestic & trans-boundary
ISSUES AND TRENDS IN POWER SECTOR
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
Planned new investments are so excessive
despite exaggerated “needs”
Used to justify NT2
5,800 MW
The year NT2 came online
Over-investment = unnecessary impacts,
burden on consumers
and economy
Thai power sector suffered from
“over-capacity worth 400 billion
Baht” (from total assets of 700 billion
Baht and annual turnover of 240
billion Baht)
– PM Thaksin Shinwatra, 2004
Wasteful inefficiency
changing energy intensity over 20-yr period
Data source: Energy Information Administration 2008
Pak Mun Dam Story
• A World Bank funded
project completed in 1994
• Run-of-river 126 MW
hydroelectric dam on a
main tributary of Mekong
River
• Source of on-going conflicts
due to impacts on fish
migration and livelihood of
people
Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Mun_dam
Extreme inequality
Structural violence in the name of “energy security”
Siam Paragon
Electricity production
and consumption
(GWh)
Impacts of Pak
Mun Dam alone
123
MBK
Loss of livelihood
for >6200 families
Loss of 116
fish species (44%)
Fishery yield
down 80%
Pak Mun
81
Dams
Central World
Malls
Mae
75
Hon
65
g
Son
g
Province
Source: MEA, EGAT, Searin, Graphic: Green World Foundation
1700 families
relocated
Relentless
consumption
of energy in
Thailand leads
to imports
and
exploitation of
energy
resources in
neighboring
countries
Nam Theun 2
•
•
•
•
1000 MW
Mainly to serve Thailand
6,200 people in Laos resettled
Dam will dry Nam Theun River
and swell Xe Bung Fai River
• Endangered species, elephant
habitat to be flooded
Investment disconnected actual need
for electricity
• Criteria for determining generation
requirement:
• Reserve margin (capacity in excess of peak demand) ≥ 15%
• Yet Thailand’s PDP2010 adds generation:
•
•
•
•
•
920 MW Nam Theun 2 when reserve margin > 28%
597 MW Nam Ngum 2 when reserve margin > 27%
660 MW Gheco1 when reserve margin > 27%
1600 MW SiamEnergy when reserve margin > 25%
and many more….
Changing role of electricity
• Electricity as public service  profitable
commodity
• Commons like rivers  trans-boundary
commodities
Changing role of policy makers:
Serving public or corporations?
Performance of high-level energy officials in
serving the government vs. PTT Plc. (Thai
gas/oil utility, the largest list company in Thailand)
Attendance of PTT
board meetings*
Attendance of
Automatic Tariff (Ft)
mechanism mtgs**
Permanent
Secretary
13/13
4/6
Director of
EPPO
8/9
100%
90%
5/6
*จากรายงานประจาปี บมจ. ปตท. ปี 2546
**ตั้งแต่มีการปรับองค์ประกอบคณะอนุกรรมการ Ft โดยแต่งตั้งให้นายเชิดพงษ์เป็ นประธาน และนายเมตตาเป็ นรองประธาน (ปลายปี 46)
67%
83%
Hybrid identity, conflict of interest
Source: www.ratch.co.th
Power projects and policies driven by
companies
• Power Development Plan (PDP) used to be the
master plan for capacity expansion
• Determines how many of which kind of plants get
built when
• But now some projects were on “fast track”
even before being listed in the PDP, e.g.
• 1,260 MW Xayaburi dam
• 4,000 MW coal-fired plants in Dawei
Energy policy and plans become tools to drive the
stock market and churn profits
• The coup-installed government announced its policy on
energy investment opportunities on 3 Oct 2006
• Energy policy, PDP approval and IPP bidding resulted in
significant windfall benefits for selected companies
• 1 year later, the share prices of companies benefiting from
the PDP jumped 66% (other companies had a 8.7% rise)
3
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TIME TO RETHINK
“ENERGY SECURITY” &
POWER SECTOR PLANNING
What is “energy security”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The more, the better
Resource adequacy (availability)
Resource adequacy & affordability.
Resource adequacy & affordability &
efficiency
E. Resource adequacy & affordability &
efficiency & environmental quality
Source: Brown, Marilyn A., 2011
What is “energy security”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The more, the better
Resource adequacy
Resource adequacy & affordability.
Resource adequacy & affordability &
efficiency
E. Resource adequacy & affordability &
efficiency & environmental quality
Government Policy Framework
according to Energy Industry Act 2007
4 dimensions of
energy security
Energy Industry Act 2007
Indicators
Availability
- Resource Adequacy
- Min. dependency on imports
- Diversification
- Reserve margin ≥15%
- % energy imports
-Shares of fuels
Affordability
- Affordable cost of service
- Min. exposure to price volatility
- Electricity cost (B/mo.)
- % exposure to oil price
Efficiency
- Energy & economic efficiency
- Energy intensity
(GWh/GDP)
Environment
- Min. environmental impacts
- GHG emissions
- SO2 emissions
Need to make “energy security”
and PDP accountable to
government policy framework
Framework for
evaluating PDPs
MAKING NEW & IMPROVED
POWER DEVELOPMENT PLANS
PDP 2010
70,000
nuclear
EE/DSM
60,000
Others
Oil/gas
50,000
RE DEDE
Cogen
Hydro imports
40,000
Hydro
Gas
30,000
Coal
New generation includes:
11,669 MW of imports
8,400 MW of coal plants
16,670 MW of gas plants
5,000 MW of nuclear
20,000
10,000
0
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
2000
Past actual averages:
830 MW/yr (25 yrs)
813 MW/yr (15 yrs)
772 MW/yr (10 yrs)
407 MW/yr ( 5 yrs)
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
1000
Avg forecast increase
830 MW/yr in PDP2012
500
Actual
-500
Forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
0
Methodology and assumptions
– Revise demand forecast to reflect uncertainties
– Adhere to Government Policy of 15% minimum reserve
margin
– Prioritize investment in energy efficiency (EE)/ demandside management (DSM) as a resource option
– Consider life extension (delayed retirement) of power
plants as a resource option
• Additional investment might be required but only done in cases
that are economic compared to building a new power plant.
– When additional capacity is needed, prioritize (highefficiency) cogeneration over (inefficient) centralized
generation
– New generation not already under construction may be
removed if not needed to maintain 15% reserve margin
Past demand forecasts compared to actual peak
demand (MW)
-500
Forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
500
2016
2015
2014
Actual average increase
in electricity demand
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
1000
Avg forecast increase
830 MW/yr in PDP2012
0
-500
Actual
Forecast
Avg forecast increase
830 MW/yr in PDP2012
2030
500
2029
25 year average:
830 MW/yr
2028
1000
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
0
-500
Actual
Forecast
Avg forecast increase
830 MW/yr in PDP2012
2030
500
2029
15 year average:
813 MW/yr
2028
1000
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
0
-500
Actual
Forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
500
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
1000
10 year average:
772 MW/yr
Avg forecast increase
830 MW/yr in PDP2012
0
-500
Actual
Forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
500
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
1000
Avg forecast increase
407inMW/yr
830 MW/yr
PDP2012
5 year average:
0
-500
Actual
Forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
500
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
1000
Avg forecast increase
830 MW/yr in PDP2012
0
-500
Actual
Assumed in
PDP 2010 forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Past actual averages:
830 MW/yr (25 yrs)
813 MW/yr (15 yrs)
772 MW/yr (10 yrs)
407 MW/yr ( 5 yrs)
1500
1000
500
0
-500
Actual
Forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
Past actual averages:
830 MW/yr (25 yrs)
813 MW/yr (15 yrs)
772 MW/yr (10 yrs)
407 MW/yr ( 5 yrs)
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
1000
500
0
-500
Actual
Forecast
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
Past actual averages:
830 MW/yr (25 yrs)
813 MW/yr (15 yrs)
772 MW/yr (10 yrs)
407 MW/yr ( 5 yrs)
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
2000
Avg forecast increase
1,491 MW/yr in PDP 2010
1500
1000
500
0
Comparison of peak demand forecasts used in PDP 2010 vs. PDP 2012
PDP 2010
PDP 2012
Peak demand
Energy
Peak demand
Year
Peak
Annual increase
GWh
Peak
Annual increase
%
MW
MW
%
MW
MW
2011
24,568
1,319 5.67% 160,331
23,900
-110 -0.46%
2012
25,913
1,345 5.47% 168,049
24,731
831
3.48%
2013
27,188
1,275 4.92% 175,631
25,562
831
3.36%
2014
28,341
1,153 4.24% 183,452
26,393
831
3.25%
2015
29,463
1,122 3.96% 191,224
27,225
831
3.15%
2016
30,754
1,291 4.38% 200,012
28,056
831
3.05%
2017
32,225
1,471 4.78% 209,329
28,887
831
2.96%
2018
33,688
1,463 4.54% 218,820
29,718
831
2.88%
2019
34,988
1,300 3.86% 227,599
30,549
831
2.80%
2020
36,336
1,348 3.85% 236,956
31,380
831
2.72%
2021
37,856
1,520 4.18% 246,730
32,211
831
2.65%
2022
39,308
1,452 3.84% 256,483
33,043
831
2.58%
2023
40,781
1,473 3.75% 266,488
33,874
831
2.52%
2024
42,236
1,455 3.57% 276,805
34,705
831
2.45%
2025
43,962
1,726 4.09% 287,589
35,536
831
2.39%
2026
45,621
1,659 3.77% 298,779
36,367
831
2.34%
2027
47,344
1,723 3.78% 310,387
37,198
831
2.29%
2028
49,039
1,695 3.58% 322,427
38,029
831
2.23%
2029
50,959
1,920 3.92% 334,921
38,861
831
2.19%
2030
52,890
1,931 3.79% 347,947
39,692
831
2.14%
*The figures in pink highlight are actual values, not forecast.
Energy
Data source (PDP2010): EPPO, 2010, http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pdp/page-7.html
GWh
155,972
160,385
165,129
170,845
176,696
182,463
187,645
193,033
198,724
204,639
209,941
215,601
221,352
227,448
232,468
238,174
243,872
250,040
255,406
261,120
Load factor
%
74.50%
74.03%
73.74%
73.89%
74.09%
74.24%
74.15%
74.15%
74.26%
74.44%
74.40%
74.49%
74.60%
74.81%
74.68%
74.76%
74.84%
75.06%
75.03%
75.10%
New & improved PDPs
• New PDP based on more realistic demand
forecast = “PDP2012”
• Improved PDP based on PDP2010 forecast =
“PDP2010v2”
Methodology
– Maintain 15% minimum reserve margin
– Prioritize investment in energy efficiency (EE)/ demandside management (DSM) as a resource option
– Consider life extension (delayed retirement) of power
plants as a resource option
• Additional investment might be required but only done in cases
that are economic compared to building a new power plant.
– When additional capacity is needed, prioritize (highefficiency) cogeneration over (inefficient) centralized
generation
– New generation not already under construction may be
removed if not needed to maintain 15% reserve margin
DSM saving potential is under utilized in Thailand
35,000
30,000
Pacific Northwest
USA
PDP 2010 (Thailand)
35000
DSM/EE measures led to savings
of over 30,000 GWH/yr
30000
GWH/year
25,000
25000
20,000
20000
15,000
15000
10,000
10000
5,000
5000
0
1978
1982
BPA and Utility Programs
1986
1990
NEEA Programs
1994
1998
State Codes
2002
2006
Federal Standards
ทีม
่ า: Tom Eckman, Northwest Power and
Conservation Council, 2009.
0.3% saving
in 20 yrs
0
2553 2555 2557 2559 2561 2563 2565 2567 2569 2571 2573
ทีม
่ า: สไลด์แผ่นที1
่ 9, สมมติฐานและภาพรวมร่าง
แผน PDP 2010, 17 กุมภาพันธ์ 2553.
http://www.eppo.go.th/power/pdp/seminar17feb2553/assumptions-PDP2010.pdf
DSM/EE are the cheapest options to meet growing
demand (but not yet considered an option in Thailand)
Real Levelized Cost (Cents/kWh - 2000$)
12
Cost comparison for different supply
options in Pacific Northwest, USA.
10
EE
8
Renewables
Coal
6
Gas turbines
Combined cycle
4
2
0
245
514
1598
2202
2560
3444
4934
6735
Cumulative Resource Potential (Average Megawatts)
Resource potential for generic coal, gas & wind resources shown for typical unit size.
Additional potential is available at comparable costs.
Source: Northwest Power and Conservation Council
8945
Government's energy saving target
The government approved the 20-year Energy Efficiency Plan in April 2011 which
called for almost 70,000 GWh of annual electricity savings or 20% of total load by
2030.
(Source: (Ministry of Energy 2011) and (Foongthammasan, Tippichai et al. 2011)
Source: The 5th NW Electric Power and ConservationPlan
Supply options in NW USA
Source: The 5th NW Electric Power and ConservationPlan
Supply options in NW USA
T-5
Insulate
roofs to
keep cool in
EE/DSM cumulative savings in
PDP2012 and PDP2010v2
EE/DSM cumulative savings in PDP2012 or PDP2010v2 (MW)
10500
EE savings (PDP2010)
9000
7500
Additional EE savings
consistent with the
government's 20-yr EE
Plan (PDP2012)
6000
4500
3000
1500
0
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
2028
Cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power – CHP)
Cogeneration in PDP 2012
Application
Existing signed PPAs
MW
3790
Program
SPP
Approved but not yet signed PPA
New cooling CHP projects under 10 MW
each -- identified in (Menke et al., 2006)
New VSPP in ceramics, paper, pellet and
other industries
0.9% per year growth in opportunities
over next 18 years
2835
3500
SPP
VSPP
(not
counted)
1700
VSPP
Total
11825
SPP+VSPP
PDP2012 adds 4,800 MW of cogeneration
beyond what was already in the plan
Plant life extension (1)
Power plants to be
decommissioned in PDP2010
EGAT
Nam Pong CC #1้้
Nam Pong CC #2 ้
Bang Pakong TH #1-2
Bang Pakong TH #3
Bang Pakong TH #4
Bang Pakong CC # 3
Bang Pakong CC # 4
South Bangkok CC #1
South Bangkok CC #2
Mae Moh TH # 4
Mae Moh TH # 5-6
Mae Moh TH #7
Mae Moh TH # 8
Mae Moh TH #9
Wang Noi TH #1-3
MW
325
325
1,052
576
576
314
314
316
562
140
280
140
270
270
1,910
Extended life to
Plant life at
delay
decommissioni decommissioning
ng
and construction of
new plants*
25
25
30
30
30
25
25
25
25
40
40
40
40
40
25
30
30
30
30
30
* Plant life extension may require additional investments and time to maintain and upgrade equipment. The time and resources
required to extend plant life are usually significantly less than building a new one. However, more detailed assessment should be
done on a case by case basis to ensure technical and economic feasibility of plant life extension.
Plant life extension (2)
Power plants to be
decommissioned in PDP2010
MW
Extended life to delay
Plant life at
decommissioning and
decommissionin
construction of new
g
plants*
IPPs
Khanom TH #1
Khanom TH #2
Khanom CC #1
Eastern Power
Glow IPP
Independent Power (Thailand)
(IPT)
Tri Energy Co., Ltd
Hauay Ho
Theun Hinboun
Rayong CC #1-4
Ratchaburi TH #1-2
Ratchaburi CC #1-2
Ratchabuti CC # 3
70
70
678
350
713
15
20
20
20
25
700
700
126
214
1,175
1,440
1,360
681
25
20
30
25
20
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
* Plant life extension may require additional investments and time to maintain and upgrade equipment. The time and resources
required to extend plant life are usually significantly less than building a new one. However, more detailed assessment should be
done on a case by case basis to ensure technical and economic feasibility of plant life extension.
$
Thai VSPP feed-in tariff adders
Fuel
Adder
Additional for Additional for Years effective
diesel offsetting 3 southern
areas
provinces
Biomass
Capacity <= 1 MW
$ 0.015
$
0.030
$
0.030
Capacity > 1 MW
$ 0.009
$
0.030
$
0.030
Biogas
<= 1 MW
$ 0.015
$
0.030
$
0.030
> 1 MW
$ 0.009
$
0.030
$
0.030
Waste (community waste, non-hazardous industrial and not organic matter)
Fermentation
Thermal process
Wind
<= 50 kW
> 50 kW
Micro-hydro
50 kW - <200 kW
<50 kW
Solar
7
7
7
7
$ 0.074
$ 0.104
$
$
0.030
0.030
$
$
0.030
0.030
7
7
$ 0.134
$ 0.104
$
$
0.045
0.045
$
$
0.045
0.045
10
10
$ 0.024
$ 0.045
$ 0.238
$
$
$
0.030
0.030
0.045
$
$
$
0.030
0.030
0.045
7
7
10
Assumes exchange rate 1 Thai baht = 0.029762 U.S. dollars
Tariff
=
adder(s) + bulk supply tariff + FT
Micro hydropower
•40 kW
•Mae Kam Pong, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
Reduces air and water pollution
Biogas from
Pig Farms
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
8 x 70 kW generator
Ratchaburi
Biogas from Pig
Farms
Korat Waste to Energy – biogas
… an early Thai VSPP project
• Uses waste water from cassava to
make methane
• Produces gas for all factory heat (30
MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity
• 3 x 1 MW gas generators
Rice husk-fired power plant
• 9.8 MW
• Roi Et, Thailand
Bangkok Solar 1 MW PV
•
Signed PPAs for 767 MW of PV (SPP + VSPP)
Lopburi 73 MW PV (over 1,000 rai = 160 hectares)
• Project size: 1 MW
• Uses self-manufactured a-Si
• Signed PPAs for 767 MW of PV (SPP + VSPP)
Solar thermal electricity
• 5 MW, 135 MW planned
• 900 Million baht (180 baht/watt = US$6/watt) but costs
expected to decrease 20 to 30% to 135 baht/watt
• Commissioned in Kanchanburi on Nov 2011
• Signed PPAs for 1343 MW of solar thermal
VSPP project pipeline as recorded in
EPPO data
Applicati
on under
considera
tion
Permissio
n
received,
awaiting
PPA
PPA
signed
Leakage (Project abandoned)
Generating
& selling
electricity
Feb 2007
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Biomass
Solar
Wind
800
600
Garbage
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
permission, PPA signed
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
18 MW online
June 2008
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Biomass
Solar
Wind
800
600
Garbage
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
permission, PPA signed
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
June 2009
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Biomass
Solar
Wind
800
600
Garbage
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
permission, PPA signed
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
Mar 2010
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Biomass
Solar
Wind
800
600
Garbage
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
permission, PPA signed
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
Sep 2011
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Biomass
Solar
Wind
800
600
Garbage
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
permission, PPA signed
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
1056 MW online
(58-fold increase since 2007)
PPAs signed
Thailand VSPP Status
for additional
Solar trends in Thailand
MW Solar installed in Thailand Feb 2007 – Dec 2011
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PPAs for photovoltaic (PV) solar: 677 MW
PPAs for concentrating solar thermal (CST): 1343 MW
Summary of different PDPs
2010
Generation by fuel
type
MW
%
Coal
3,527
11%
PDP 2010
PDP 2010 v. 2
PDP 2012
2030
2030
2030
MW
12,669
%
19%
MW
6,269
%
13%
MW
3,087
%
9%
Gas
Hydro – EGAT
Hydro – imports
16,091
3,424
1,260
51%
11%
4%
21,668
3,936
9,827
33%
6%
15%
15,972
3,936
3,827
34%
8%
8%
9,572
3,936
1,737
27%
11%
5%
Cogeneration
Renewables
Oil/gas
Nuclear
Others (fuel oil,
diesel, Malay)
1,878
767
3,784
0
6%
2%
12%
0%
7,024
4,804
0
5,000
11%
7%
0%
8%
11,824
4,804
0
0
25%
10%
0%
0%
11,824
4,804
0
0
33%
14%
0%
0%
619
2%
619
1%
619
1%
619
2%
100%
65,547
100%
47,251
100%
35,579
100%
Total generation 31,350
Additional EE/DSM
savings
Total Resources
31,350
-
13,160
9,923
65,547
60,411
45,502
Comparing PDPs
PDP2012
0,000
PDP2010v2
PDP 2010
70,000
nuclear
0,000
60,000
0,000
50,000
EE/DS
M
Others
Oil/gas
RE
DEDE
Cogen
0,000
40,000
Hydro
imports
Hydro
0,000
30,000
Gas
Coal
0,000
20,000
0,000
10,000
0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 20302010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Dependency on electricity/fuel imports
GWH
250,000
200,000
Uranium
(Kazakhstan/Australia)
Power imports
(Laos/Burma/Malay)
Diesel
150,000
100,000
Fuel Oil
Gas imports
(Burma/Middle East)
Coal imports
(Indonesia/Australia)
50,000
0
2010
PDP2010
PDP2010v2
PDP2012
Cost of service (Baht/month)
change in 2030 compared to 2010
6%
Cost of service (Baht/month)
4%
500
3.5%
1.3%
2%
450
0%
400
-2%
350
-4%
PDP2010 PDP2010v2 PDP2012
-6%
300
-8%
250
-10%
200
-12%
150
-14%
-16%
100
50
0
2010
PDP2010
PDP2010v2
PDP2012
-13.2%
Exposure to price volatility risks
change in 2030 compared to 2010
0.00%
PDP2010
PDP2010v2
PDP2012
-5.00%
-10.00%
-15.00%
-20.00%
-18.87%
-20.81%
-25.00%
-30.00%
-35.00%
-29.65%
Energy intensity
change in 2030 compared to 2010
Energy intensity (GWh/GDP billion Baht)
10.0%
5.0%
4.1%
0.0%
PDP2010
PDP2012v2
PDP2012
-16.7%
-16.7%
-5.0%
-10.0%
-15.0%
-20.0%
Emissions of air pollutants
change in 2030 compared to 2010
450%
400%
350%
300%
250%
PDP2010
PDP2010v2
200%
PDP2012
150%
100%
50%
0%
-50%
GHG
Nox
SO2
TSP
Hg
Comparing PDPs against different
elements of energy security
change in 2030 compared to 2010
PDP2010v2
PDP2010
42%
52%
56%
-17%
-13%
-21%
-97%
PDP2012
18%
4%
-15%
1%
-17%
-19%
-97%
Concluding remarks
• Worrying trend of commoditizing electricity
• “Energy security” and PDP process distorted to
generate profits for a few at the expense of
– Affected communities
– Consumers
- Environment
- Economy
• Need framework to hold “energy security” and PDP
accountable to Energy Industry Act & the public
• Need to reform PDP process to prioritize cheaper,
cleaner options to meeting demand
• Proposed PDP2012 better achieves energy security
without the need for new green-field centralized coal/
gas/dam/nuclear.
Thank you
www.palangthai.org