The State of Education Series Primary Education A Global Report March 2013 Summary This presentation includes data on: Enrollments Out of School Children (OOS) of primary school age Income/Gender/Location.
Download ReportTranscript The State of Education Series Primary Education A Global Report March 2013 Summary This presentation includes data on: Enrollments Out of School Children (OOS) of primary school age Income/Gender/Location.
The State of Education Series Primary Education A Global Report March 2013 Summary This presentation includes data on: Enrollments Out of School Children (OOS) of primary school age Income/Gender/Location Disparities Pupil/Teacher Ratios Repetition Primary Completion Learning Outcomes Education Expenditures on Primary Education Acronym Guide Acronym Name EAP East Asia and Pacific ECA Europe and Central Asia LAC Latin American and the Caribbean MNA SAS SSA WLD NER ANER OOS GDP p.c. GNI NAR PTR PCR GPI Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa World (Global Aggregate) Net Enrollment Rate Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate Out of School Gross Domestic Product per capita Gross National Income Net Attendance Rate Pupil-Teacher Ratio Primary Completion Rate Gender Parity Index (female value/male value) Primary Enrollments How many children are enrolled in primary schools? Around 691 million children were enrolled in primary school in 2010. This is up from 685 million in 2005 and 655 million in 2000. Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (182 and 172 million respectively). 21% of total primary enrollments were in India and 15% were in China. 330 million (47.7%) were girls. Share of Total Primary Enrollments by Region (%) 2010 HIC 10.6% EAP 24.9% SAS 26.4% ECA 3.0% LAC 9.6% SSA 20.0% MNA 5.5% Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions; HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions. Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER) In 2010, 90.7% of primary school age children around the world were enrolled in primary or secondary education. This figure rose each year between 1999 (83.7%) and 2008, but the figure remained unchanged between 2008 and 2010. All regions have increased ANERs since 2000, but SSA and SAS improved the most – 16 percentage points in SSA and 14 percentage points in SAS. Continued… Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008. 100 Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary. Total (%) 95 90 88.7 89.1 2004 2006 90.7 90.7 2008 2010 85 85.5 84.5 80 75 70 65 60 2000 EAP 2002 ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER) Since 2008, SSA has only improved by 0.1% and SAS by 0.4%. SAS's improvement moved it closer to other regions by 2010 (92.3%), but SSA still lags far behind with a ANER of 76.2% in 2010. ECA’s ANER peaked in 2002 at 96.6% and has been lower since. EAP and LAC are the only 2 regions with ANERs higher than 95% in 2010. 100 Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary. Total (%) Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008. 95 90 88.7 89.1 2004 2006 90.7 90.7 2008 2010 85 85.5 84.5 80 75 70 65 60 2000 EAP 2002 ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Which countries have the lowest primary enrollment rates? In the top 2 countries (Eritrea and Djibouti), less than half of primary school age children are enrolled in primary school. All of the countries with the lowest adjusted net enrollment rates (ANER) are in SSA except Djibouti. Of the 20 countries with the lowest primary ANERs,15 are in SSA. There is a large range among the listed countries: #10 Gambia’s ANER almost doubles #1 Eritrea’s. 10 Countries with the Lowest Primary Enrollment Rates (2009-2011) 1 Eritrea 34.9 2 Djibouti 44.6 3 Equatorial Guinea 56.3 4 Nigeria 57.6 5 Cote d'Ivoire 61.5 6 Niger 62.5 7 Burkina Faso 63.2 8 Mali 67.2 9 Central African Republic 68.9 Gambia, The 69.3 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Notes: Data is Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary (ANER); Purple figures are for 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009. Data were not available for 67 of 214 countries . Which countries have increased primary enrollment rates the most? These countries have increased their primary ANERs by 22 to 42 percentage points between 1999/2000 and 2010/2011. 1 Ethiopia and Niger 2 more than doubled 3 their ANERs, but more 4 than 1/3 of children are still not enrolled in 5 Niger. 6 Only Zambia has 7 increased its ANER to 8 over 90%. All the 9 countries need to continue improving to 10 reach universal primary enrolment. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Primary Enrollment Rates Percentage Points Improved 1999/ 2000 ANER 2010/ 2011 ANER % Improved Ethiopia 41.8 40.4 82.2 103.4 Niger 35.4 27.1 62.5 130.5 Mozambique 33.9 56.0 89.8 60.5 Bhutan 30.8 58.5 89.3 52.7 Guinea 30.1 46.9 77.0 64.1 Burkina Faso 28.7 34.5 63.2 83.0 Mali 25.0 42.2 67.2 59.1 Guinea-Bissau 23.8 51.2 75.0 46.5 Zambia 21.7 71.0 92.7 30.6 Yemen, Rep. 21.5 56.7 78.2 37.8 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012; Notes: Purple is 2011/1999 data; Black is 2010/2000; Data were not available for 104 of 214 countries. Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Do countries with low national income per capita have low primary enrollments? Low income does not necessarily indicate lower primary enrolment rates: Countries with the lowest gross national income (GNI) per capita (<$500) have ANERs ranging from 35% (Eritrea) to 97.5% (Malawi). Countries with the lowest primary ANERs (less than 75%) have GNI p.c. less than $1270. Equatorial Guinea is the only exception with 56.3% primary ANER and $14,540 GNI pc. There is no clear association between low national income p.c. and low primary enrollment rates. 100 90 Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary. Total Macao, China SAR 80 70 60 Nigeria Equitorial Guinea 50 Djibouti 40 R² = 0.0988 Eritrea 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) 50 55 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: ANER data are for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011. Which regions have reached gender parity in primary enrollments? Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females. Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .93 in 1999 to .98 in 2010. Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/0.03). Only MNA and SSA lag behind. EAP, ECA, and LAC have achieved gender parity in primary (+/- 0.02). All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of gender parity in primary enrollments. 1.02 Female Bias 1.00 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.94 Male Bias 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Have most countries reached gender parity in primary enrollments? Half of countries with data have already achieved gender parity (+/- .02). 78% of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity. Many more countries have a bias toward males in primary enrolments (GPI<1). Afghanistan has the largest male bias at .69 followed by Central African Rep. and Chad at .73. San Marino has the highest female bias at 1.134. 78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in primary enrollments. 1.15 1.10 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. Primary Female Bias 1.05 1.00 Male Bias 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September, 2012 Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (20082011) Which countries have the largest gender disparities in primary enrolment rates? The male primary gross enrolment rate in these countries is much higher than the female gross enrolment rate. 7 of 10 countries are in SSA. 2 are in South Asia and 1 is in MNA. Of the 20 countries with the lowest GPIs (GPI<0.9),14 are in SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2 are in EAP (Togo and PNG), and 1 is in LAC (Dominican Republic). 10 Countries with the Largest Gender Disparities in Primary Enrollment Rates (2008-2011) 1 Afghanistan 0.694 2 Central African Republic 0.725 3 Chad 0.729 4 Angola 0.813 5 Yemen, Rep. 0.817 6 Pakistan 0.818 7 Cote d'Ivoire 0.833 8 Niger 0.837 9 Guinea 0.838 10 Eritrea 0.838 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012; Notes: Data is GPI for Primary Gross Enrolment Rate; Black figures are 2011 data; Blue=2010; Data were not available for 71 of 214 countries. Which countries have decreased gender disparity in primary the most? These countries have moved from 0.14 to 0.25 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) between 2000/2001 and the most recent data year. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender Parity in Primary Enrollments Percentage 2000 or Points 2001 Improved GPI Most current GPI % Improved 1 Sierra Leone 0.25 0.67 0.93 37.53 2 Ethiopia 0.22 0.69 0.91 32.73 6 of the 10 countries are in SSA; 2 are in MNA and 2 in South Asia. Senegal now has higher female enrollment rates than male enrollment rates (1.06). 3 Burkina Faso 0.20 0.73 0.93 27.50 4 Benin 0.20 0.67 0.87 29.66 5 Yemen, Rep. 0.19 0.63 0.82 30.55 6 Burundi 0.19 0.80 0.99 23.64 7 Senegal 0.17 0.89 1.06 19.31 8 India 0.15 0.85 1.00 17.61 9 Pakistan 0.15 0.67 0.82 21.79 Burundi and India have reached gender parity. 10 Djibouti 0.14 0.76 0.90 18.84 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Sept. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI is the most recent data point for 2008-2011; Data were not available for 54 of 213 countries . Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in primary attendance rates? EAP, ECA, LAC, and MNA do not have large disparities in primary net attendance rates (NAR) between genders, rural/urban locations, or top/bottom income quintiles. The largest disparities in most regions are associated with income. In SSA and SAS, there is a 20 percentage point difference between the top/bottom income quintiles. Rural students in SSA also have NARs that are 12 percentage points lower than urban students.2 Gender, income and location disparities are small in all regions except except SAS and SSA. 20 Percentage Point Difference in Net Attendance Rate. Primary (Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5) 18 Gender disparity Location disparity Income disparity 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007 Out of School Children Which regions have the highest percentage of children out-of-school? In 1999, 16% of primary school age children were OOS. 42% of children in SSA and almost a quarter of children in SAS were OOS. By 2010, 9.3% of children were OOS globally, but SSA’s rate was still much higher at 23.8%. Most of the progress in reducing the rate of children OOS occurred between 1999 and 2008. Since 2008, global and regional rates have basically remained the same. Rates of Children Out-of-School have decreased since 1999, but progress has slowed since 2008. 45.0 Out-of-school rate for children of primary school age (%). Total 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 16.3 15.0 15.5 15.1 14.5 13.1 10.0 11.1 10.9 10.1 9.3 11.3 9.3 5.0 0.0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in Edstats, November 2012 Which countries have highest rates of children out-of-school? More than half of primary-school age children are out of school in Eritrea and Djibouti. More than a quarter of primary school aged children are out-ofschool in 14 countries. 47 countries have more than 10% of children out-of-school. Nine of ten countries are in SSA. 10 Countries with the Highest Rates of Children Out-of School (2009-2011) 1 Eritrea 65.1 2 Djibouti 55.4 3 Equatorial Guinea 43.7 4 Nigeria 42.4 5 Cote d'Ivoire 38.5 6 Niger 37.5 7 Burkina Faso 36.8 8 Mali 32.8 9 Central African Republic 31.1 Gambia, The 30.7 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not available for 61 of 214 countries. Out-of-school rate for children of primary school age (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Which region has the most out of school (OOS) children? In 2010, ¾ of the world’s out-of-school (OOS) children lived in two regions: SSA and SAS. Over half (55%) of the world's out of school children lived in SSA. ECA had the smallest percentage of the world’s OOS children at 1.8% followed by MNA (3.9%) and LAC (4.4%). Out-of-School Children of Primary School Age by Region (2010) HIC 3.1% EAP 10.6% 6 Million ECA 1.8% LAC 4.4% MNA 3.9% SSA 54.4% 33 Million SAS 21.8% 13 Million Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions; HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions. How many primary school age children are out of school (OOS)? The total number of out-of-school children has decreased by 47 million since 1999. In 1999, 107.7 million children were out of primary school. The total decreased to 72.6 million in 2005 and 60.7 million in 2010. There were 47 million fewer children OOS in 2010 than in 1999. Since 2008, the global number of out-of-school children has grown from 60.66 million to 60.69 million (2009) and 60.73 million in 2010. 110 100 Out-of-School Children. Primary. Total (in millions) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 HIC ECA LAC MNA EAP SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Note: HIC = High Income Countries in all regions How much have regions decreased the total number of OOS children? SAS and MNA more than halved the total number of OOS children between 1999 and 2010. In SAS, the total number of OOS children decreased by 25.6 million or 66%. SSA decreased the total number by 12.3 million, which was a 27% decrease between 1999 and 2010, but the total number increased by 1.5 million between 2008 and 2010. All regions have decreased their total number of out-of-school children since 1999. 50 1999 2008 2010 45 40 Out-of-School Children. Total (in millions) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 SSA SAS EAP MNA LAC ECA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Which countries have the most outof-school children? 45.8% of the world’s outof-school children live in the 10 countries listed here. Five of the countries are in SSA and 3 are in SAS. Nigeria almost has as many OOS children as the regional totals for LAC, ECA, and MNA combined (10.9 million). The US is #8 in the ranking because of the large size of the school age population and also possibly because of a lack of consistent data collection on homeschooled children. 10 Countries with the Most Out-of School Children (2008-2011) 1 Nigeria 10,542,105 2 Pakistan 5,125,373 3 Ethiopia 2,389,945 4 India 2,278,322 5 Bangladesh 1,835,269 6 Philippines 1,460,431 7 Cote d'Ivoire 1,160,732 8 United States 1,023,231 9 Burkina Faso 1,022,362 Niger 1,012,228 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not available for 61 of 214 countries. Are more females out-ofschool than males? In 1999, there were almost 62 million females out-of-school compared to 45.5 million males. 58% of the world’s out-ofschool children were female. In 2010, around 32 million girls were out of school compared to 28.6 million boys. 52.5% of out-of-school children were female. The gap between male and female totals decreased from 16.5 million to 3.6 million between 1999 and 2010. 120 Out-of-School Children. Primary (in millions) More Females are Out of Primary School than Males 100 80 60 40 20 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Males Out-of-School Females Out-of-School Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012 Where are more females out-ofschool? Over half of the world’s out of school girls are in SSA, and just under 1/4 are in South Asia. South Asia has decreased its total number of females out-of-school by 17.7 million since 1999. The region’s total dropped from 25 million to 7 million. SSA has also decreased its total from 24.3 million in 1999 to 17.5 million in 2010. 65 60 Out-of-School Children. Primary. Female (in millions) 3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 LAC ECA MNA EAP SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012 Which countries have the most females OOS? Around half of the world’s out-of-school females live in these 10 countries. 36% of the world’s out-ofschool females live in the Top 4 countries. Nigeria, Pakistan, and India all have more ourof-school females that the sum of all females out-ofschool in LAC and ECA. Half of the countries are in SSA and three are in South Asia. 10 Countries with the Most Female Out-of School Children (2008-2011) 1 Nigeria 5,487,901 2 Pakistan 3,241,203 3 India 1,407,495 4 Ethiopia 1,367,141 5 Cote d'Ivoire 663,809 6 Philippines 661,551 7 Bangladesh 591,325 8 Niger 568,884 9 Yemen, Rep. 567,702 10 Burkina Faso 530,731 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October, 2012; Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Orange is 2008;Blue is 2009; Blue is 2010; Black is 2011; Data were not available for 61 of 213 countries. Are there gender, income, or location disparities in the % of children OOS? In all regions, more low income students are OOS than high income students. SAS has the largest income disparity at 29 percentage points difference between the top and bottom quintiles. SSA follows closely behind with 24 points. A higher % of boys are OOS in EAP, ECA, and LAC, but a higher % of girls are OOS in SAS and SSA. In all regions except for ECA, a higher % of rural students are OOS. This disparity is highest in SSA at 15 percentage points.2 Low income is the greatest source of disparity in percentages of OOS children across regions. 2 Percentage Point Difference in the % of Children Out-of-School (Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 -28 Gender disparity Location disparity Income disparity -30 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007 Do rural/urban disparities in educational access exist in SSA? Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school. Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Do income disparities exist in educational access in SAS and EAP? South Asia (SAS) Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school. East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Pupil Teacher Ratios Which regions have higher primary pupil-teacher ratios? Globally, primary pupilteacher ratios (PTRs) have declined from 26 pupils per teacher in 1999 to 24 in 2011. SSA has the highest PTR in 2011 at 43 pupils per teacher. SAS also has a high PTR in 2009 at 40. All other regions have PTRs less than 23 with declining PTRs over time. EAP has the fewest students per teacher in 2011 (18) followed by ECA at 19. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the highest primary pupil-teacher ratios. 46 44 42 40 38 Pupil-teacher ratio. Primary 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 1999 EAP 2001 ECA 2003 LAC 2005 MNA 2007 2009 2011 SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Which countries have the highest primary pupil-teacher ratios? These countries have between 51 and 81 primary students per teacher. 26 countries have more than 40 primary pupils per teacher. All of these countries are in SSA except Cambodia. There are 10 countries with primary PTRs less than 10 and 46 countries with PTRs less than 15. Most are high income countries. 10 Countries with the Highest Primary Pupil-Teacher Ratios (2006-2012) Pupil-Teacher Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary Ratio. Primary 1 Central African Rep. 81.3 68.9 2 Malawi 76.1 97.5 3 Chad 62.6 - 4 Rwanda 58.1 98.7 5 Zambia 58.0 92.7 6 Mozambique 55.4 89.8 7 Ethiopia 55.1 82.2 8 Burkina Faso 52.7 63.2 9 Guinea-Bissau 51.9 75.0 50.8 - 10 Tanzania Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: Data is for the most recent available year; Black data are for 2011; Blue = 2010; Data were not available for 35 of 214 countries. Which countries have decreased primary pupil-teacher ratios the most? These countries have decreased their primary pupilteacher ratios by 12 to 18 pupils per teacher over time. The most current PTR for all of these countries except Cameroon and Ethiopia is less than 35 students per teacher. Despite great improvement, Ethiopia still has around 55 pupils per teacher. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Primary Pupil-Teacher Ratios Percentage Points Improved 19992002 PTR Most current PTR % Improved 1 Gabon 18.1 42.6 24.5 42.5 2 Timor-Leste 17.0 47.2 30.2 36.0 3 Senegal 16.0 48.9 32.9 32.6 4 Equatorial Guinea 15.4 43.4 27.9 35.6 5 Cameroon 15.4 60.8 45.4 25.3 6 Lesotho 13.2 47.0 33.8 28.1 7 Jamaica 13.2 33.8 20.6 39.0 8 Macao SAR, China 12.6 27.5 14.8 45.9 9 Bhutan 12.5 37.9 25.4 33.0 1 Ethiopia 0 12.3 67.3 55.1 18.2 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013; Notes: Black data in “Most Current” column is 2011 data; Blue is 2010 data; Data were not available for 50 of 214 countries . Pupil-Teacher Ratio. Primary (2006-2012) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Repetition Rates Which regions have the highest primary repetition rates? Globally, the percent of repeaters in primary schools has decreased from 5.3% in 1999 to 4.8% in 2011. Repetition rates have consistently been lowest in ECA and EAP (less than 2.3% over time). SSA and LAC have had the highest levels of repetition over time, but both regions improved from around 12% to around 8% over time. SAS is the only region with a higher current repetition rate (4.9% in 2009) than in 1999 (4.7%). Levels of primary repetition are higher in LAC and SSA and lower in ECA and EAP. 13 12 Percentage of repeaters in primary. All grades. Total 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA 2011 WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Which countries have the highest repetition rates in primary? One third of students repeat in Burundi and almost ¼ repeat in Comoros. All countries on the list are in SSA. 17 out of the top 20 are also in SSA. Timor-Leste, Iraq, and Suriname are the exceptions. Six countries in the list have decreased repetition over time: Madagascar, Congo, Lesotho, Togo, Chad, and Comoros. Burundi’s repetition rate has increased by almost 10 percentage points over time from 26.3% in 2002 to 36.2% in 2011. 10 Countries with the Highest Primary Repetition Rates (2006-2012) 1 Burundi 36.2 2 Comoros 24.4 3 Central African Republic 22.6 4 Chad 21.6 5 Togo 21.5 6 Lesotho 20.0 7 Malawi 19.6 8 Madagascar 19.4 9 Equatorial Guinea 19.3 Congo, Rep. 18.4 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: Data were for the most recent available year; Black data is from 2011; Blue = 2010; Data were not available for 56 of 214 countries. Which countries have decreased primary repetition rates the most? These countries have decreased their primary repetition rates by 8 to 22 percentage points over time. 9 of 10 countries are in SSA. 6 countries have more than halved their repetition rates. Despite great improvement, 7 of the countries have current repetition rates higher than 10%. 10 Countries with the Largest Decreases in Primary Repetition Rates 1999Most Percentage 2002 current % Points Repetition Repetition Decreased Decreased Rate Rate 1 Rwanda 22.3 36.1 13.8 61.8 2 Mozambique 15.4 23.0 7.7 66.7 14.4 25.8 11.4 55.9 4 Cameroon 12.7 25.2 12.5 50.3 5 Madagascar 11.0 30.5 19.4 36.2 6 Benin 10.8 21.6 10.8 49.8 7 Senegal 10.7 13.6 3.0 78.1 8 Mauritania 10.6 14.1 3.5 75.5 9 Nepal 9.6 21.6 12.0 44.6 1 Guinea 0 8.2 20.8 12.7 39.2 3 Sao Tome and Principe Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Notes: Data were not available for 82 of 214 countries . Primary Repetition Rate (%) (2006-2012) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Do females repeat more than males in primary schools? Globally, there is less than half a percentage point difference between male/female repetition rates. Males repeat slightly more than females. Males also repeat more than females in all regions except for ECA. The greatest gender disparity is in MNA at 2.5 percentage points. In SSA, there is almost no difference in repetition rates between males and females. Males repeat more than females in all regions except ECA. 10 Male Female 9 Percentage of repeaters in primary. All grades 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Notes: SAS data is 2009; All other data is for 2011. Primary Completion Which regions have higher primary completion rates? Primary Completion Rates have been increasing in all regions since 1999. 90.3% of primary school age students completed primary school in 2011. This is a 9.3 percentage point increase since 1999. All regions have improved their primary completion rates (PCR) over time. SAS had the largest increase at 23.3 percentage points, but still lags behind other regions with 88% of students completing primary in 2011. 105 100 95 Primary completion rate. Total 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 (continued on next slide) 1999 EAP 2001 ECA 2003 LAC 2005 MNA 2007 2009 2011 SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Which regions have higher primary completion rates? SSA also improved greatly over time (17.8 percentage points) but lagged far behind other regions in 2011 with a 70% PCR. In 2011, LAC had the highest share of primary school age students completing primary school at 101.6%. PCRs over 100% are typically due to over/under age students entering the last grade of primary or repetition. Primary Completion Rates have been increasing in all regions since 1999. 105 100 95 Primary completion rate. Total (continued) 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 1999 EAP 2001 ECA 2003 LAC 2005 MNA 2007 2009 2011 SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Which countries have the lowest primary completion rates? Less than half of primary school age children complete primary school in the top 7 countries. 9 of 10 countries are in SSA. All the countries on the list have increased their PCRs over time except Uganda and Equatorial Guinea. Niger and Mali have increased their PCRs the most over time – 25 and 21 percentage points respectively. 10 Countries with the Lowest Primary Completion Rates (2006-2012) 1 Eritrea 38.0 2 Chad 38.2 3 Central African Republic 43.0 4 Burkina Faso 45.1 5 Djibouti 45.8 6 Niger 46.2 7 Angola 46.6 8 Equatorial Guinea 51.7 9 Uganda 54.9 Mali 55.4 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Notes: Data are for the most recent available data year; Black data are for 2011; Blue are for 2010; Data were not available for 45 countries. 45 Which countries have increased primary completion rates the most? These countries have increased their primary completion rates by 31 to 43 percentage points over time. 5 countries have more than doubled their primary completion rates. Despite great improvement, 7 of the 10 countries have current primary completion rates less than 75%. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Primary Completion Rates Percentage 1999-2002 Points PCR Improved Most current PCR % Improved 1 Bhutan 42.9 52.2 95.1 82.1 2 Zambia 40.8 62.5 103.3 65.3 3 Rwanda 40.0 29.6 69.6 135.0 4 Guinea-Bissau 37.9 29.7 67.6 127.4 5 Sao Tome and 37.6 61.6 99.1 61.0 6 Madagascar 36.1 36.8 72.9 98.4 7 Burundi 34.9 27.3 62.1 127.8 8 Mozambique 33.9 22.3 56.2 151.7 9 Ethiopia 32.4 31.7 64.0 102.3 1 Mauritania 0 31.3 43.5 74.8 71.8 Principe Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: Data were not available for 68 of 214 countries . Primary Completion Rate (20062012) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Are more boys completing primary school than girls? Globally, more males are completing primary school than females. The difference between male/female PCRs has shrunk from 6 percentage points in 1999 to 1.8 in 2011. In most regions, more males complete primary than females, but in LAC and EAP, the reverse is true. EAP's female PCR was 2.4 percentage points higher than the male PCR. LAC’s was 0.7 percentage points higher for females. (continued on next slide) Globally and in most regions, more males complete primary school than females. 105 Male Female 100 Primary completion rate. Female or Male 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010). Are more boys completing primary school than girls? (continued) SSA has the largest gender disparity in PCRs with 74% of boys completing vs. 67% of girls in 2011. MNA also has a large gender disparity at 6 percentage points difference between the genders. SAS had a large gender disparity in 1999 (15 percentage points) but decreased the difference to 2.7 percentage points in 2010. Globally and in most regions, more males complete primary school than females. 105 Male Female 100 Primary completion rate. Female or Male 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010). Primary Completion Rate. Female (2006-2012) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Gender Parity Index for Primary Completion Rate (2006-2012) Male Bias Gender Parity Female Bias Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Are there gender, income or location disparities in primary completion rates? Gender disparities exist in all regions in PCRs, but they are surpassed by income disparities in all regions except for ECA. The greatest disparities exist in SSA, where there is a 55 percentage point difference between the PCRs of top and bottom quintile students. This compares to a 33 point difference between urban and rural, and 9 point between genders. In EAP and ECA, more rural students complete primary school than urban students.2 Low income is the greatest source of disparity in primary completion rates in all regions except ECA. 60 55 Percentage Point Difference in Primary Completion Rate (Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5) 50 Gender disparity Location disparity Income disparity 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007 Learning Outcomes How do reading levels vary between African countries? graders in Gabon (61.4) and Cameroon (53.4) scored the highest on the French language assessment. Gabon’s mean score almost doubled Benin and Chad’s scores (31.6 and 31.7 respectively). Only three countries scored higher than 40 on a 100 point scale. 65 Mean performance on the French language scale (100 possible points) for 5th grade students (2004-2009) Mean Reading Scores vary greatly across Francophone African countries. 5th 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 Source: Programme d'Analyse des Systèmes Educatifs de la CONFEMEN in EdStats, August 2011. How do reading levels vary between African countries? Tanzania, Seychelles, and Mauritius had the highest reading scores in 2007. Mauritius and Tanzania both improved their scores, but Seychelles’ score was lower than in 2000. Some countries have large disparities between genders, but in these cases, females have higher scores than males (Seychelles, Mauritius and Botswana). Malawi and Zambia have had the lowest scores over time. Mean reading scores of 6th grade students vary greatly between Anglophone African countries. 620 Mean performance on the reading scale (2000 & 2007) 600 580 560 540 520 500 480 460 440 420 2000 Total Male 2007 Female 2007 Total 2007 Source: Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) in EdStats, August 2011; Note: Zimbabwe 2000 is 1995 figure. How do reading scores vary between income groups in African countries? In all SACMEQ countries, students from the lowest income quintile have lower reading scores than students in the highest income quintile, but the scale of income disparity varies greatly. South Africa has the largest disparity between richest and poorest followed by Namibia. Lesotho, Mozambique, and Malawi seem to have the less of a disparity between income groups in reading scores. Poorer students have lower mean reading scores in all Anglophone African countries. 625 Mean Score on Reading Assessment 600 575 550 525 500 475 450 425 400 Richest quintile of students Average score Poorest quintile of students Source: Filmer using Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) 2000 database Have LAC countries reached gender parity in reading levels? El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Peru, Guatemala, and Colombia are within 5 percentage points of gender parity. Female scores are higher than male scores in these countries. Uruguay has the largest difference between male/female reading scores with a 19.6 percentage point male bias. Panama (15.9), Brazil (15.7), Cuba (15.2), and the Dominican Rep. (15.1) also have large male biases. Difference between Male/Female Mean Scores on the 6th Grade Reading Assessment (2006) Source: Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE SERCE) in StatPlanet, August 2011 Does rural/urban residence impact 6th grade reading levels in LAC? In all countries, mean scores for rural students are lower than for urban students. The greatest location disparity is in Peru (79) followed by Mexico (58). Cuba has the smallest disparity between rural/urban areas (13) followed by Nicaragua (21). The scale of disparity between urban/rural scores is much higher than the disparity between male/female scores. Difference between Urban/Rural Mean Scores on the 6th Grade Reading Assessment (2006) Source: Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE SERCE) in StatPlanet, August 2011 Expenditures on Primary Education Which countries spend the least per student on primary education? The average spending per primary school student is 16.7% of per capita GDP. These countries spend between 3.5 and 7 percent of GDP per capita on each primary school student. Five of the 10 lowest spending countries are in SSA. Two are classified as high income countries. 10 Countries with the Lowest Share of p.c. GDP per Primary Student 5 countries have net enrollment rates higher than 90%. DRC is the only country with low primary spending and very high private enrollment share (82.5%). (2006-2012) Share of pc Primary Net GDP (%) per Enrolment Rate (%) student Private Enrollment Share (%) 1 Monaco 3.5 2 Central African Rep. 4.4 68.5 13.8 3 Brunei Darussalam 5.1 91.6 36.6 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.2 5 Liberia 5.4 6 Madagascar 6.4 7 Cameroon 6.6 93.8 20.9 8 Cambodia 6.8 98.2 1.5 9 Panama 6.8 96.9 12.0 10 Rwanda 6.9 98.7 2.2 21.8 82.5 40.8 32.6 17.8 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013 Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between 2006 and 2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2007; Data were not available for 82 countries. Which countries spend the most per student on primary education? Serbia spends over half of per capita GDP on each primary student, and all other countries in the list spend more than a quarter. Eight of the listed countries have primary net enrolment rates (NER) higher than 90%. These countries have low private enrolment shares ranging from 0.1 to 14%. 10 Countries with the Highest Share of p.c. GDP per Primary Student (2006-2012) Share of pc Primary Net GDP (%) per Enrolment Rate (%) student Private Enrollment Share (%) 1 Serbia 55.6 93.2 2 Cuba 49.3 98.2 3 Moldova 41.4 87.8 0.9 4 Cyprus 31.5 98.7 7.6 5 Latvia 31.4 95.1 1.1 6 Comoros 29.5 77.8 14.1 7 Denmark 28.9 95.4 13.7 8 Sweden 28.3 99.4 9.5 9 Estonia 27.8 95.0 4.1 10 Iceland 27.2 99.0 2.0 0.1 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013 Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between 2006 and 2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Maroon for 2008; Data were not available for 82 countries. Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Primary (2006-2012) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Data Sources This presentation utilizes the following data sources: 1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators/countries. Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the EdStats Query. 2) Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu (2011) 3) Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in the World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE) 4) Learning Outcome Data from the EdStats Query: Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE SERCE) Programme d'Analyse des Systèmes Educatifs de la CONFEMEN (PASEC) The State of Education Series The following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website: Topics: Educational Levels: Access Quality Expenditures Literacy Equity Gender Pre-Primary Education Primary Education Secondary Education Tertiary Education