Transcript The State of Education Series Gender and Education A Global Report March 2013 Indicators This presentation includes analysis of gender disparities in:         Net Enrollment Rates (NER) for.

The State of Education Series
Gender and
Education
A Global Report
March 2013
Indicators
This presentation includes analysis of
gender disparities in:








Net Enrollment Rates (NER) for primary and secondary
Net Attendance Rates (NAR) for primary and secondary
Out of School Children (OOS)
Repetition Rates
Primary/Secondary Completion Rates
Learning Outcomes
Gross Enrollment/Attendance Rates (GER/GAR) for
tertiary
Youth and Adult Literacy Rates
Acronym Guide
Acronym
Name
EAP
East Asia and Pacific
ECA
Europe and Central Asia
LAC
Latin American and the Caribbean
MNA
SAS
SSA
WLD
GER
NER
OOS
Middle East and North Africa
NAR
GAR
GPI
Net Attendance Rate
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
World (Global Aggregate)
Gross Enrollment Rate
Net Enrollment Rate
Out of School
Gross Attendance Ratio
Gender Parity Index (female value/male value)
Pre-Primary
Education
Do gender disparities exist in preprimary enrollment rates?



Gender parity indices
(GPIs) are calculated by
dividing the female value
for an indicator by the
male value, so perfect
gender parity equals 1.
A value below 1 indicates
a bias toward males. A
value above 1 indicates a
bias toward females.
Globally, the GPI has
been increasing from .98
in 2000 to perfect gender
parity (1.0) in 2010.
Most regions are very
close to gender parity (+/0.02) in 2010. Only MNA
lags behind.
4 of 6 regions have a
slight female bias.
Gender parity in pre-primary enrolments (1.0) has
been achieved globally and in most regions.
1.05
Female Bias
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. PrePrimary

1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.99
Male Bias
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
2000
WLD
2002
EAP
2004
ECA
LAC
2006
MNA
2008
SAS
2010
SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Primary
Education
Are more females out-ofschool than males?


In 1999, there were
almost 62 million
females out-of-school
compared to 45.5
million males. 58% of
the world’s out-ofschool children were
female.
In 2010, around 32
million girls were out of
school compared to
28.6 million boys.
52.5% of out-of-school
children were female.
The gap between male
and female totals
decreased from 16.5
million to 3.6 million
between 1999 and
2010.
120
Out-of-School Children. Primary (in millions)

More Females are Out of Primary School than Males
100
80
60
40
20
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Males Out-of-School
Females Out-of-School
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012
Where are more females out-ofschool?


Over half of the
world’s out of school
girls are in SSA, and
just under 1/4 are in
South Asia.
South Asia has
decreased its total
number of females
out-of-school by 17.7
million since 1999.
The region’s total
dropped from 25
million to 7 million.
SSA has also
decreased its total
from 24.3 million in
1999 to 17.5 million in
2010.
65
60
Out-of-School Children. Primary. Female (in millions)

3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are
in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
LAC
ECA
MNA
EAP
SAS
SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012
Which countries have the most
females out-of-school?
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
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Around half of the world’s
out-of-school females live
in these 10 countries.
36% of the world’s out-ofschool females live in the
Top 4 countries.
Nigeria, Pakistan, and
India all have more ourof-school females that the
sum of all females out-ofschool in LAC and ECA.
Half of the countries are
in SSA and three are in
South Asia.
10 Countries with the Most Female
Out-of School Children
(2008-2011)
1
Nigeria
5,487,901
2
Pakistan
3,241,203
3
India
1,407,495
4
Ethiopia
1,367,141
5
Cote d'Ivoire
663,809
6
Philippines
661,551
7
Bangladesh
591,325
8
Niger
568,884
9
Yemen, Rep.
567,702
10
Burkina Faso
530,731
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October, 2012;
Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Orange is
2008;Blue is 2009; Blue is 2010; Black is 2011; Data were not available for
61 of 213 countries.
Are there gender, income, or location
disparities in the % of children OOS?


In all regions, more low
income students are
OOS than high income
students. SAS has the
largest income disparity
at 29 percentage points
difference between the
top and bottom quintiles.
SSA follows closely
behind with 24 points.
A higher % of boys are
OOS in EAP, ECA, and
LAC, but a higher % of
girls are OOS in SAS
and SSA.
In all regions except for
ECA, a higher % of rural
students are OOS. This
disparity is highest in
SSA at 15 percentage
points.2
Low income is the greatest source of disparity in
percentages of OOS children across regions.
2
Percentage Point Difference in the % of Children Out-of-School
(Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5)

0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
-30
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Which regions have reached gender
parity in primary enrollments?



Gender parity indices
(GPIs) are calculated by
dividing the female value
for an indicator by the
male value, so perfect
gender parity equals 1.
A value below 1 indicates
a bias toward males. A
value above 1 indicates a
bias toward females.
Globally, the GPI has
been increasing from .93
in 1999 to .98 in 2010.
Most regions are very
close to gender parity (+/0.03). Only MNA and
SSA lag behind.
EAP, ECA, and LAC have
achieved gender parity in
primary (+/- 0.02).
All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of
gender parity in primary enrollments.
1.02
Female Bias
1.00
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate.
Primary

0.98
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.93
0.97 0.97
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.94 0.94
Male Bias
0.93
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.80
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
WLD
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Have most countries reached gender
parity in primary enrollments?
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Half of countries with
data have already
achieved gender parity
(+/- .02).
78% of countries with
data are within 0.05 of
gender parity.
Many more countries
have a bias toward
males in primary
enrolments (GPI<1).
Afghanistan has the
largest male bias at .69
followed by Central
African Rep. and Chad
at .73.
San Marino has the
highest female bias at
1.134.
78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in
primary enrollments.
1.15
1.10
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio.
Primary

Female
Bias
1.05
1.00
Male Bias
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September, 2012
Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (20082011)
Which countries have the largest gender
disparities in primary enrolment rates?
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
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The male primary
gross enrolment rate
in these countries is
much higher than the
female gross
enrolment rate.
7 of 10 countries are
in SSA. 2 are in
South Asia and 1 is
in MNA.
Of the 20 countries
with the lowest GPIs
(GPI<0.9),14 are in
SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2
are in EAP (Togo and
PNG), and 1 is in
LAC (Dominican
Republic).
10 Countries with the Largest Gender
Disparities in Primary Enrollment Rates
(2008-2011)
1
Afghanistan
0.694
2
Central African Republic
0.725
3
Chad
0.729
4
Angola
0.813
5
Yemen, Rep.
0.817
6
Pakistan
0.818
7
Cote d'Ivoire
0.833
8
Niger
0.837
9
Guinea
0.838
10
Eritrea
0.838
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012;
Notes: Data is GPI for Primary Gross Enrolment Rate; Black figures are 2011 data;
Blue=2010; Data were not available for 71 of 214 countries.
Which countries have decreased
gender disparity in primary the most?
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
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These countries have
moved from 0.14 to
0.25 percentage
points closer to
gender parity (1)
between 2000/2001
and the most recent
data year.
10 Countries with the Most Improvement
Toward Gender Parity in Primary
Enrollments
Percentage 2000 or
Points
2001
Improved
GPI
Most
current
GPI
%
Improved
1
Sierra Leone
0.25
0.67
0.93
37.53
2
Ethiopia
0.22
0.69
0.91
32.73
6 of the 10 countries
are in SSA; 2 are in
MNA and 2 in South
Asia.
Senegal now has
higher female
enrollment rates than
male enrollment rates
(1.06).
3
Burkina Faso
0.20
0.73
0.93
27.50
4
Benin
0.20
0.67
0.87
29.66
5
Yemen, Rep.
0.19
0.63
0.82
30.55
6
Burundi
0.19
0.80
0.99
23.64
7
Senegal
0.17
0.89
1.06
19.31
8
India
0.15
0.85
1.00
17.61
9
Pakistan
0.15
0.67
0.82
21.79
Burundi and India
have reached gender
parity.
10 Djibouti
0.14
0.76
0.90
18.84
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Sept. 2012;
Notes: Most current GPI is the most recent data point for 2008-2011;
Data were not available for 54 of 213 countries .
Do gender, income, or location disparities
exist in primary attendance rates?


EAP, ECA, LAC, and
MNA do not have large
disparities in primary net
attendance rates (NAR)
between genders,
rural/urban locations, or
top/bottom income
quintiles.
The largest disparities in
most regions are
associated with income.
In SSA and SAS, there
is a 20 percentage point
difference between the
top/bottom income
quintiles.
Rural students in SSA
also have NARs that are
12 percentage points
lower than urban
students.2
Gender, income and location disparities are small
in all regions except except SAS and SSA.
20
Percentage Point Difference in Net Attendance Rate. Primary
(Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5)

18
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Do females repeat more than
males in primary schools?



Globally, there is less
than half a percentage
point difference
between male/female
repetition rates. Males
repeat slightly more
than females.
Males also repeat
more than females in
all regions except for
ECA.
The greatest gender
disparity is in MNA at
2.5 percentage points.
In SSA, there is almost
no difference in
repetition rates
between males and
females.
Males repeat more than females in all regions
except ECA.
10
Male
Female
9
Percentage of repeaters in primary. All grades

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Notes: SAS data is 2009; All other data is for 2011.
Are more boys completing primary
school than girls?


Globally, more males
are completing primary
school than females.
The difference between
male/female PCRs has
shrunk from 6
percentage points in
1999 to 1.8 in 2011.
In most regions, more
males complete primary
than females, but in
LAC and EAP, the
reverse is true.
EAP's female PCR was
2.4 percentage points
higher than the male
PCR. LAC’s was 0.7
percentage points
higher for females.
(continued on next slide)
Globally and in most regions, more males
complete primary school than females.
105
Male
Female
100
Primary completion rate. Female or Male

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010).
Are more boys completing primary
school than girls?
(continued)


SSA has the largest
gender disparity in
PCRs with 74% of boys
completing vs. 67% of
girls in 2011.
MNA also has a large
gender disparity at 6
percentage points
difference between the
genders.
SAS had a large gender
disparity in 1999 (15
percentage points) but
decreased the
difference to 2.7
percentage points in
2010.
Globally and in most regions, more males
complete primary school than females.
105
Male
Female
100
Primary completion rate. Female or Male

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010).
Primary Completion Rate. Female
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any
other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any
judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Gender Parity Index for Primary
Completion Rate
(2006-2012)
Male
Bias
Gender
Parity
Female
Bias
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any
other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any
judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Are there gender, income or location
disparities in primary completion rates?


Gender disparities exist
in all regions in PCRs,
but they are surpassed
by income disparities in
all regions except for
ECA.
The greatest disparities
exist in SSA, where
there is a 55 percentage
point difference between
the PCRs of top and
bottom quintile students.
This compares to a 33
point difference between
urban and rural, and 9
point between genders.
In EAP and ECA, more
rural students complete
primary school than
urban students.2
Low income is the greatest source of disparity in
primary completion rates in all regions except ECA.
60
55
Percentage Point Difference in Primary Completion Rate
(Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5)

50
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
How do reading levels vary between
African countries?



Tanzania, Seychelles,
and Mauritius had the
highest reading scores in
2007.
Mauritius and Tanzania
both improved their
scores, but Seychelles’
score was lower than in
2000.
Some countries have
large disparities between
genders, but in these
cases, females have
higher scores than
males (Seychelles,
Mauritius and
Botswana).
Malawi and Zambia have
had the lowest scores
over time.
Mean reading scores of 6th grade students vary
greatly between Anglophone African countries.
620
Mean performance on the reading scale (2000 & 2007)

600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
2000 Total
Male 2007
Female 2007
Total 2007
Source: Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
(SACMEQ) in EdStats, August 2011; Note: Zimbabwe 2000 is 1995 figure.
Have LAC countries reached gender
parity in reading levels?

El Salvador, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Peru,
Guatemala, and
Colombia are within 5
percentage points of
gender parity. Female
scores are higher than
male scores in these
countries.

Uruguay has the largest
difference between
male/female reading
scores with a 19.6
percentage point male
bias.

Panama (15.9), Brazil
(15.7), Cuba (15.2), and
the Dominican Rep.
(15.1) also have large
male biases.
Difference between Male/Female Mean Scores on
the 6th Grade Reading Assessment (2006)
Source: Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of
Education (LLECE SERCE) in StatPlanet, August 2011
Secondary
Education
Which regions have reached gender
parity in secondary enrollments?





Globally, the gender parity
index (GPI) for secondary
net enrollment rate (NER)
has been increasing from
0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in
2010.
ECA is the only region
within +/- 0.05 of gender
parity (1.0).
LAC has consistently had
higher female NERs.
EAP has reversed from a
male bias (0.96) in 2000 to
a female bias (1.06) in
2010.
SAS has greatly
decreased gender
disparity over time.
SSA has maintained a
male bias 0.80 since 2000.
Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary
greatly across regions.
1.10
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Net Enrolment Rate. Secondary

1.05
Female Bias
1.00
Male Bias
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.96
0.96
2006
2008
2010
0.94
0.90
0.92
0.85
0.80
0.75
2000
WLD
EAP
2002
ECA
2004
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; No data
available for SSA and MNA for 2010. SSA 2008 data is from 2007.
Does gender parity exist in secondary
enrollments in most countries?


Just over half (52%) of
countries with data are
within 0.05 of gender
parity in secondary
enrollments.
Unlike primary
enrollments, more
countries have a female
bias in secondary
enrolments. 85
countries have GPIs
higher than 1 while 71
countries have GPIs
less than 1.
6 countries have
perfect gender parity
(1.0): Slovenia,
Mauritius, Swaziland,
Japan, Indonesia, and
Cyprus.
More countries have higher female secondary GERs
than male secondary GERs.
1.40
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. Secondary

1.30
1.20
1.10
Female Bias
1.00
Male Bias
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012:
Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)
Which countries have the largest gender
disparities in secondary enrolments?




In 9 of 10
countries, the
male GER is
much higher than
the female GER.
In Lesotho – the
female GER is
higher than the
male rate.
8 of 10 countries
are in SSA. 1 is in
South Asia and 1
is in MNA.
Of the 20
countries with the
greatest gender
disparity, 5 have a
female bias.
14 of the top 20
are in SSA.
10 Countries with the Largest Gender
Disparities in Secondary Enrolments
(2008-2011)
GPI
Absolute value
from 1
1
Chad
0.42
0.58
2
Afghanistan
0.51
0.49
3
Central African Republic
0.55
0.45
4
Congo, Dem. Rep.
0.58
0.42
5
Guinea
0.59
0.41
6
Lesotho
1.38
0.38
7
Yemen, Rep.
0.62
0.38
8
Niger
0.66
0.34
9
Angola
0.69
0.31
Mali
0.71
0.29
10
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012; Notes: Data are 2010
GPIs for Secondary Gross Enrolment Rates except Guinea (2009), CAR (2011), and Mali
(2011); Data were not available for 52 of 213 countries.
Which countries have decreased gender
disparity in secondary the most?




These countries have
moved from 0.19 to
0.34 percentage
points closer to
gender parity (1) over
time.
Sweden and St. Lucia
improved from a large
female bias (1.26)
toward gender parity.
The other countries
have improved from a
male bias (0.40 to
0.85) toward gender
parity.
3 of 10 countries are
within 0.05 of gender
parity in the most
recent year.
10 Countries with the Most
Improvement Toward Gender
Parity in Secondary Enrollments
Percentage
Points
Improved
2000/
2001
GPI
Most current
GPI
1 Cambodia
0.34
0.57
0.90
2 Sweden
0.27
1.26
0.99
3 St. Lucia
0.27
1.26
0.99
4 Mozambique
0.23
0.64
0.87
5 Senegal
0.21
0.66
0.88
6 Yemen, Rep.
0.21
0.41
0.62
7 India
0.20
0.72
0.92
8 Bhutan
0.19
0.85
1.04
9 Guinea
0.19
0.40
0.59
10 Turkey
0.19
0.73
0.91
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October. 2012;
Notes: Most current GPI data for most countries is from 2010;
Guinea and Turkey are 2009; Mozambique data is 2011.
Do gender, income, or location disparities
exist in secondary attendance rates?


Large gender disparities
in secondary attendance
rates do not exist in any
region except SAS. In
LAC, ECA, and MNA,
slightly more females
attend secondary than
males.
Rural/urban location
disparities exist in most
regions. In LAC and
SSA, location disparities
are 20/23 percentage
points.
The largest disparities in
all regions are
associated with income:
There is a 35+
percentage point
difference between the
top/bottom quintiles in
LAC, SAS, and SSA.2
The largest disparities in net secondary
attendance rates are associated with income.
40
Percentage Point Difference in Net Attendance Rate. Secondary
(Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5)

35
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Are there gender, income or location
disparities in secondary completion rates?


Low income is the
greatest source of
disparity in secondary
completion rates in all
regions. The disparity is
greatest in SAS (60
percentage points), LAC
(44), and SSA (40).
Rural residence is a
source of disparity in
SAS (29 percentage
point disparity), LAC
(25), and SSA (22).
A slightly higher
percentage of females
complete secondary in
ECA and LAC, but the
opposite is true in other
regions.2
60
55
Percentage Point Difference in Secondary Completion Rate
(Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5)

Income is the greatest source of disparity in
secondary completion rates in all regions.
50
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Tertiary
Education
Which regions have reached gender
parity in tertiary enrollments?


In 2000, the world gender
parity index (GPI) for
tertiary enrollments was
1.0 – perfect gender
parity. Since then, female
GERs have been higher
than male GERs, and the
GPI has been moving
above 1.0.
MNA is the only region
within +/- 0.05 of gender
parity in 2010. LAC and
ECA have consistently
had higher female GERs,
and EAP has reversed
from a male bias to a
female bias.
SAS and SSA have
maintained a strong male
bias in tertiary
enrolments over time.
Gender disparities in tertiary enrolment rates vary
greatly across regions.
1.30
1.25
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Rate. Tertiary

1.20
1.15
1.10
1.06
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.04
1.02
Female Bias
1.00
1.00
Male Bias
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
2000
WLD
2002
EAP
ECA
2004
LAC
2006
MNA
2008
SAS
2010
SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012
Does gender parity exist in tertiary
enrollments in most countries?



The majority of countries have higher female
enrolment rates than male enrolment rates in tertiary
education.
Only 9 countries are
within +/-0.05 of
gender parity in
tertiary enrollments.
63% of countries
have a female bias in
tertiary enrolments
vs. 37% with higher
male enrolment rates.
One country –
Vietnam – has perfect
gender parity (1.0).
In 10 countries, the
female GER more
than doubles the
male GER. These
countries are island
nations in LAC and
Qatar (see next
slide).
5.50
5.00
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. Tertiary

4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
Female
Bias
1.50
1.00
0.50
Male Bias
0.00
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012
Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)
Which countries have the largest gender
disparities in tertiary enrolments?
10 Countries with the Largest Female
Bias in Tertiary Enrolments
10 Countries with the Largest Male Bias
in Tertiary Enrolments
(2008-2011)
(2008-2011)
1
Qatar
5.38
1
Chad
0.17
2
Dominica
3.35
2
Congo, Rep.
0.21
3
Antigua and Barbuda
2.58
3
Afghanistan
0.24
4
St. Lucia
2.57
4
Congo, Dem. Rep.
0.31
5
Guyana
2.52
5
Central African Republic
0.32
6
Barbados
2.38
6
Eritrea
0.33
7
Jamaica
2.28
7
Guinea
0.33
8
Cayman Islands
2.24
8
Ethiopia
0.36
9
Bermuda
2.12
9
Benin
0.38
St. Kitts and Nevis
2.10
10
Niger
0.38
10
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012;
Notes: Black = 2010; Blue = 2008; Data were not available for 73 of
213 countries.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; Notes:
Maroon=2011; Black = 2010; Purple = 2009; Blue = 2008; Data were not
available for 73 of 213 countries.
Do gender, income, or location disparities
exist in post-secondary attendance ratios?


Levels of gender
disparity in postsecondary attendance
are much lower than
levels of location and
income disparity. More
girls than boys attend
post-secondary schools
in EAP, ECA, and LAC.
Rural areas have
between 5 (SSA) and 15
(LAC) percent lower
attendance ratios than
urban areas.
Income is the largest
source of disparity
across regions. Income
disparities range from 8
percentage points in
SSA to 34 in LAC.2
Income is the largest source of disparity in postsecondary gross attendance ratios in all regions.
35
Percentage Point Difference in Gross Attendance Ratio. Post-Sec.
(Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5)

30
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
SAS
SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Youth
Literacy
Is there disparity between
genders in youth literacy rates?


Globally, there is still a
gender gap in youth
literacy rates, though the
gap has been shrinking
over time.
There was a 8.6%
difference between male
and female youth literacy
rates during 1985-1994.
The gender gap shrunk
by 41.5% to 5.0% during
2005-2010. 92% of
males were literate
compared to 87% of
females.
Fewer females emerge from education
systems with basic literacy skills than males.
95
Male
Female
92.2
90
Youth Literacy Rate (%)

90.4
87.6
87.1
85
83.9
80
79.0
75
70
1985-1994
1995-2004
2005-2010
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Are gender disparities in youth
literacy rates decreasing?



Gender disparities
between male and
female youth literacy
rates have decreased in
all regions.
EAP, ECA, and LAC
have achieved almost
perfect gender parity
(1.0), while MNA, SAS,
and SSA lag behind.
SAS and MNA have
improved greatly over
time: They moved 0.17
and 0.14 closer to
gender parity.
Progress in SSA has
been slower with only
0.09 improvement.
Gender disparities in youth literacy rates have
decreased over time in all regions.
1.05
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Youth Literacy Rate

1.00
0.95
0.95
0.93
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
1985-1994
EAP
ECA
1995-2004
LAC
MNA
2005-2010
SAS
SSA
WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Gender Parity Index for Youth
Literacy Rate
(2006-2010)
Male
Bias
Male
Bias
Male
Bias
Gender
Parity
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any
other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any
judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Which countries have the
lowest female literacy rates?



The 20 lowest female
youth literacy rates
were all found in SubSaharan African
countries except for
Pakistan.
Only 1/3 of female
youth are literate in
Burkina Faso and Mali.
Less than half of
female youth are
literate in the top 5
countries.
10 Countries with the Lowest
Female Youth Literacy Rates
(2006-2010)
1
Burkina Faso
33.1
2
Mali
33.9
3
Chad
40.6
4
Benin
44.6
5
Ethiopia
47.0
6
Sierra Leone
50.1
7
Senegal
56.2
8
Guinea
57.0
9
Central African Republic
58.2
Pakistan
61.5
10
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013; Note:
Data points are the most recent year available: Green = 2009; Blue =
2007; Black = 2010; Data were not available for 71 countries.
Which countries have increased female
youth literacy rates the most over time?




These countries have
increased their female
youth literacy rates by
14 to 23 percentage
points over time.
8 of 10 countries are
in SSA and 2 are in
SAS.
10 Countries with the
Most Improvement in
Female Youth Literacy Rates
Percentage
Points
Improved
19992004
Rate
20062010
Rate
%
Improved
1 Guinea
22.9
34.1
57.0
67.2
2 Gambia, The
20.3
41.4
61.7
49.1
Despite great
improvement, only 4
of 10 countries have
female youth literacy
rates higher than
75%.
3 Guinea-Bissau
19.4
45.9
65.3
42.3
4 Nepal
18.2
60.1
78.4
30.3
5 Bangladesh
18.2
60.3
78.5
30.3
6 Chad
17.3
23.2
40.6
74.6
7 Eritrea
17.2
69.5
86.7
24.7
Haiti’s female youth
literacy rate worsened
over the period by 10
percentage points.
8 Senegal
15.2
41.0
56.2
37.2
9 Mozambique
15.0
50.0
65.1
30.0
1
Ghana
0
14.4
65.5
79.9
22.0
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Notes: Data are most current available year within the time period;
Data were not available for 92 of 213 countries .
Youth Literacy Rate. Female
(2006-2010)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any
other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any
judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Adult
Literacy
Is there disparity between
genders in adult literacy rates?


Globally, there is still a
gender gap in adult
literacy rates, though the
gap has been shrinking
over time.
There was a 12.6%
difference between male
(82%) and female
(69.4%) adult literacy
rates during 1985-1994.
The gender gap shrunk
by 29% to 8.9% during
2005-2010. 88.6% of
males were literate
compared to 79.7% of
females.
Fewer adult females have basic literacy skills,
but the gender gap has decreased over time.
100
Male
Female
90
88.6
86.9
80
82.0
79.7
76.9
70
Adult Literacy Rate (%)

69.4
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1985-1994
1995-2004
2005-2010
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Mar. 2013
Have gender disparities in adult
literacy rates decreased over time?




Gender disparities in
adult literacy rates have
decreased over time in
all regions.
ECA and LAC have
achieved gender parity
with GPIs at 0.98.
MNA, SAS, and EAP
have made the most
progress by moving 0.16,
0.13, and 0.13 closer to
1.0 (gender parity)
respectively.
Progress in SSA has
been slower with only
0.09 improvement.
SAS, SSA, and MNA are
furthest from gender
parity in adult literacy.
All regions are moving closer to gender parity
in adult literacy rates.
1.05
Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Adult Literacy Rate

1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.88
1985-1994
1995-2004
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
EAP
ECA
LAC
MNA
2005-2010
SAS
SSA
WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Which countries have the
lowest female literacy rates?



Less than one quarter
of females are literate
in the top 3 countries –
Mali, Burkina Faso,
and Chad. Less than
one third of females
are literate in the top 7
countries.
All the countries on the
list are in SSA except
Pakistan.
Of the 144 countries
with data, 19 countries
have female adult
literacy rates less than
50% and 70 countries
have rates higher than
90%.
10 Countries with the Lowest
Female Adult Literacy Rates
(2006-2010)
1
Mali
20.3
2
Burkina Faso
21.6
3
Chad
24.2
4
Ethiopia
28.9
5
Guinea
30.0
6
Benin
30.3
7
Sierra Leone
31.4
8
Senegal
38.7
9
Pakistan
40.3
Gambia, The
40.4
10
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Note: Data were not available for 71 countries. Data are for the most recent
available year. Blue = 2007; Green = 2009; Black = 2010.
Which countries have increased female
adult literacy rates the most over time?




These countries have
increased their female
adult literacy rates by
11 to 23 percentage
points over time.
Six of the countries are
in SSA; 2 are in SAS.
Despite great
improvement, more
than 1/3 of women are
illiterate in all of these
countries except Saudi
Arabia.
Haiti’s rate worsened
by 10.3 percentage
points over time.
10 Countries with the
Most Improvement in
Female Adult Literacy Rates
Percentage
Points
Improved
19992004
Rate
20062010
Rate
%
Improved
1 Timor-Leste
23.0
30.0
53.0
76.5
2 Eritrea
17.3
40.2
57.5
43.1
3 Gambia, The
15.4
25.1
40.4
61.4
4 Nepal
13.5
34.9
48.3
38.6
5 Guinea-Bissau
13.1
27.5
40.6
47.7
6 Saudi Arabia
12.1
69.3
81.3
17.4
7 Guinea
11.8
18.2
30.0
64.7
8 Ghana
11.4
49.8
61.2
22.9
9 Bangladesh
11.4
40.8
52.2
27.9
1
Chad
0
11.4
12.8
24.2
89.0
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Notes: Data are most current available year within the time period;
Data were not available for 90 of 213 countries .
Adult Literacy Rate. Female
(2006-2010)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any
other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any
judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Data Sources
This presentation utilizes the following data sources:
1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query


The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that
included 2010 data for most indicators/countries.
Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the
EdStats Query.
2) Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys,
and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports
were generated through ADePT Edu (2011)
3) Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys in the World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE)
4) Learning Outcome Data from the EdStats Query:


Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
(SACMEQ)
Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE
SERCE)
The State of Education Series
The following State of Education presentations
are available on the EdStats website:
Topics:
Educational Levels:

Access

Pre-Primary Education

Quality

Primary Education

Expenditures

Secondary Education

Gender

Tertiary Education

Literacy

Equity