The State of Education Series Access to Education A Global Report November 2012 Access to Education: Indicators This presentation includes data on: Total enrollments by region Out.
Download ReportTranscript The State of Education Series Access to Education A Global Report November 2012 Access to Education: Indicators This presentation includes data on: Total enrollments by region Out.
The State of Education Series Access to Education A Global Report November 2012 Access to Education: Indicators This presentation includes data on: Total enrollments by region Out of School Children (OOS) of primary school age Net Enrollment Rates (NER)/Gross Enrollment Rates (GER) Correlations between GDP per capita and enrollment rates for each educational level Education equality: Income/gender/location disparities in education access Acronym Guide Acronym Name EAP East Asia and Pacific ECA Europe and Central Asia LAC Latin American and the Caribbean MNA SAS SSA WLD GER NER OOS GNI p.c. NAR GAR GPI Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa World (Global Aggregate) Gross Enrollment Rate Net Enrollment Rate Out of School Gross National Income per capita Net Attendance Rate Gross Attendance Ratio Gender Parity Index (female value/male value) Summary Less than half of the world’s pre-primary age students were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010 (48.3%), but enrolment rates have been rising over time. SSA and MNA’s enrolment rates lag far behind other regions with less than ¼ of pre-primary age children enrolled. In 2010, 90.7% of primary age students worldwide were enrolled in school. The rate has improved since 2000 (84.5%), but little progress has been made since 2008. 60.7 million primary school age children were out of school (OOS) in 2010. Over half of the world's out of school children live in SSA and over 1/5 live in South Asia. Since 2008, the global rate of children out of school has remained the same at 9.3%. Summary (continued) 62.5% of secondary school age students were enrolled in 2010, which was an 9.4 percentage point improvement over 2000. SSA lags far behind other regions in secondary enrollments with just over ¼ of students enrolled in 2010. The global tertiary gross enrollment rate (GER) has gradually improved from 19% in 2000 to 29.2% in 2010 but GERs vary greatly across regions. More than half of youth are enrolled in ECA (55.6%) compared to 6.8% of youth in SSA. On the global level, gender parity in pre-primary and primary enrolment rates has been achieved. There is a small male bias in secondary enrolment rates (GPI = 0.96) and a female bias in tertiary enrolments (GPI = 1.08). Pre-Primary Education How many children are enrolled in pre-primary education? Around 164 million children were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010. This is up from 134 million in 2005 and 112 million in 1999. Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (48 and 40 million respectively). 25% of total pre-primary enrollments were in India and 16% were in China. 79 million (48.2%) were girls. Share of Total Pre-Primary Enrollments by Region (%) 2010 SSA 7.6% EAP 24.3% SAS 29.1% ECA 6.4% HIC 18.1% MNA 2.0% LAC 12.5% Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012; Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions; HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions. How many children are enrolled? Pre-Primary – Gross Enrolment Rates (GER) Globally, less than half of pre-primary age students were enrolled in preprimary education in 2010, but all regions increased pre-primary enrolments between 2000 and 2010. SAS almost doubled its pre-primary GER between 2000 (25.4%) and 2010 (48.3%). LAC’s GERs are consistently the highest among regions ranging from 56.8% to 70.1%. SSA and MNA lag behind other regions with 17.7% and 23.8% GERs respectively in 2010. Pre-Primary Gross Enrolment Rates have increased in all regions since 2000 80 70 Gross Enrolment Rate. Pre-Primary. Total (%) 60 50 45.6 40 48.3 40.9 34.1 34.7 2000 2002 30 37.1 20 10 0 EAP ECA 2004 LAC MNA 2006 SAS 2008 SSA 2010 WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Which countries have the lowest pre-primary enrollment rates? 8 of the 10 countries with the lowest preprimary net enrolment rates (NER) are in SSA. Of the 130 countries with data, 18 countries had less than 10% of their children enrolled in pre-primary education. 36 countries had less than 25% of their children enrolled in preprimary. 19 countries had preprimary enrollments higher than 90%. 10 Countries with the Lowest PrePrimary Net Enrollment Rates (2009-2011) 1 Yemen, Rep. 0.35 2 Chad 1.77 3 Burkina Faso 2.75 4 Mali 3.37 5 Djibouti 3.41 6 Cote d'Ivoire 3.54 7 Ethiopia 3.92 8 Guinea-Bissau 4.68 9 Niger 4.76 Central African Republic 5.64 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Notes: Purple data is for 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Data were not available for 84 of 214 countries. Which countries have increased preprimary enrollment rates the most? These countries have increased their pre-primary GERs by 25 to 66 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011. Half of the countries at least doubled their NER over time. Algeria improved from 3.4% to 66% – a 1928% improvement. Only two of these countries have a current NER over 90% – Barbados and Maldives. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Pre-Primary Net Enrollment Rates Percentage 1999Points 2001 Improved NER 20092011 NER % Improved 1 Algeria 66.1 3.4 69.5 1927.9 2 Korea, Rep. 41.0 44.0 85.0 93.0 3 Moldova 37.3 36.8 74.0 101.4 4 Barbados 33.6 62.1 95.7 54.0 5 Sao Tome & Principe 32.4 24.2 56.5 133.8 6 Maldives 30.8 61.4 92.2 50.1 7 Mongolia 29.1 28.4 57.5 102.5 8 Nicaragua 26.7 28.6 55.4 93.5 9 Ghana 26.0 21.5 47.5 120.7 10 Uruguay 25.4 52.9 78.3 48.0 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012; Note: Data were not available for 118 of 213 countries. Net Enrollment Rate. Pre-Primary (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Are lower pre-primary enrollment rates related to lower national income per capita? All the low income countries ($1025 or less) have less than 16% of children enrolled in preprimary education except Gambia (27%), Kenya (29%), and Tanzania (33%). 24 countries had NERs less than 15%. Only 4 of those had GNI per capita higher than $1100. All the countries were lower than $4780 (Bosnia). All of the countries with NERs higher than 90% had GNI greater than $12,000 except Thailand, Grenada, and Maldives. All low income countries had less than one-third of children enrolled in pre-primary education. 100 Norway 80 Net Enrollment Rate. Pre-Primary. Total Switzerland 60 Australia Qatar 40 Ireland 20 R² = 0.2293 0 0 20 40 60 80 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011. Do gender disparities exist in preprimary enrollment rates? Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females. Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .98 in 2000 to perfect gender parity (1.0) in 2010. Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.02) in 2010. Only MNA lags behind. 4 of 6 regions have a slight female bias. Gender parity in pre-primary enrolments (1.0) has been achieved globally and in most regions. 1.05 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. Pre-Primary Female Bias 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.99 Male Bias 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 2000 WLD 2002 EAP 2004 ECA LAC 2006 MNA 2008 SAS 2010 SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Do rural/urban disparities exist in preprimary attendance rates in ECA? % of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Do income disparities exist in preprimary attendance rates in SSA? % of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Primary Education How many children are enrolled in primary schools? Around 691 million children were enrolled in primary school in 2010. This is up from 685 million in 2005 and 655 million in 2000. Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (182 and 172 million respectively). 21% of total primary enrollments were in India and 15% were in China. 330 million (47.7%) were girls. Share of Total Primary Enrollments by Region (%) 2010 HIC 10.6% EAP 24.9% SAS 26.4% ECA 3.0% LAC 9.6% SSA 20.0% MNA 5.5% Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions; HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions. Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER) In 2010, 90.7% of primary school age children around the world were enrolled in primary or secondary education. This figure rose each year between 1999 (83.7%) and 2008, but the figure remained unchanged between 2008 and 2010. All regions have increased ANERs since 2000, but SSA and SAS improved the most – 16 percentage points in SSA and 14 percentage points in SAS. Continued… Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008. 100 95 Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary. Total (%) 90 88.7 89.1 2004 2006 90.7 90.7 2008 2010 85 85.5 84.5 80 75 70 65 60 2000 EAP 2002 ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER) Since 2008, SSA has only improved by 0.1% and SAS by 0.4%. SAS's improvement moved it closer to other regions by 2010 (92.3%), but SSA still lags far behind with a ANER of 76.2% in 2010. ECA’s ANER peaked in 2002 at 96.6% and has been lower since. EAP and LAC are the only 2 regions with ANERs higher than 95% in 2010. 100 95 Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary. Total (%) Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008. 90 88.7 89.1 2004 2006 90.7 90.7 2008 2010 85 85.5 84.5 80 75 70 65 60 2000 EAP 2002 ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Which countries have the lowest primary enrollment rates? In the top 2 countries (Eritrea and Djibouti), less than half of primary school age children are enrolled in primary school. All of the countries with the lowest adjusted net enrollment rates (ANER) are in SSA except Djibouti. Of the 20 countries with the lowest primary ANERs,15 are in SSA. There is a large range among the listed countries: #10 Gambia’s ANER almost doubles #1 Eritrea’s. 10 Countries with the Lowest Primary Enrollment Rates (2009-2011) 1 Eritrea 34.9 2 Djibouti 44.6 3 Equatorial Guinea 56.3 4 Nigeria 57.6 5 Cote d'Ivoire 61.5 6 Niger 62.5 7 Burkina Faso 63.2 8 Mali 67.2 9 Central African Republic 68.9 Gambia, The 69.3 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Notes: Data is Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary (ANER); Purple figures are for 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009. Data were not available for 67 of 214 countries. Which countries have increased primary enrollment rates the most? These countries have increased their primary ANERs by 22 to 42 percentage points between 1999/2000 and 2010/2011. 1 Ethiopia and Niger 2 more than doubled their ANERs, but more 3 than 1/3 of children 4 are still not enrolled in 5 Niger. 6 Only Zambia has increased its ANER to 7 over 90%. All the 8 countries need to continue improving to 9 reach universal 10 primary enrolment. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Primary Enrollment Rates Percentage Points Improved 1999/ 2000 ANER 2010/ 2011 ANER % Improved Ethiopia 41.8 40.4 82.2 103.4 Niger 35.4 27.1 62.5 130.5 Mozambique 33.9 56.0 89.8 60.5 Bhutan 30.8 58.5 89.3 52.7 Guinea 30.1 46.9 77.0 64.1 Burkina Faso 28.7 34.5 63.2 83.0 Mali 25.0 42.2 67.2 59.1 Guinea-Bissau 23.8 51.2 75.0 46.5 Zambia 21.7 71.0 92.7 30.6 Yemen, Rep. 21.5 56.7 78.2 37.8 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012; Notes: Purple is 2011/1999 data; Black is 2010/2000; Data were not available for 104 of 214 countries. Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Do countries with low national income per capita have low primary enrollments? Low income does not necessarily indicate lower primary enrolment rates: Countries with the lowest gross national income (GNI) per capita (<$500) have ANERs ranging from 35% (Eritrea) to 97.5% (Malawi). Countries with the lowest primary ANERs (less than 75%) have GNI p.c. less than $1270. Equatorial Guinea is the only exception with 56.3% primary ANER and $14,540 GNI pc. There is no clear association between low national income p.c. and low primary enrollment rates. 100 90 Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary. Total Macao, China SAR 80 70 60 Nigeria Equitorial Guinea 50 Djibouti 40 R² = 0.0988 Eritrea 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) 50 55 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: ANER data are for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011. Which regions have reached gender parity in primary enrollments? Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females. Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .93 in 1999 to .98 in 2010. Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.03). Only MNA and SSA lag behind. EAP, ECA, and LAC have achieved gender parity in primary (+/0.02). All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of gender parity in primary enrollments. 1.02 Female Bias Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.94 Male Bias 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Have most countries reached gender parity in primary enrollments? 78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in primary enrollments. Half of countries with data have already achieved gender parity (+/- .02). 78% of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity. Many more countries have a bias toward males in primary enrolments (GPI<1). Afghanistan has the largest male bias at .69 followed by Central African Rep. and Chad at .73. San Marino has the highest female bias at 1.134. 1.15 1.10 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. Primary Female Bias 1.05 1.00 Male Bias 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September, 2012 Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (20082011) Which countries have the largest gender disparities in primary enrolment rates? The male primary 10 Countries with the Largest Gender gross enrolment rate Disparities in Primary Enrollment Rates (2008-2011) in these countries is much higher than the 0.694 1 Afghanistan female gross enrolment rate. 0.725 2 Central African Republic 7 of 10 countries are 0.729 3 Chad in SSA. 2 are in 0.813 4 Angola South Asia and 1 is in MNA. 0.817 5 Yemen, Rep. Of the 20 countries 0.818 6 Pakistan with the lowest GPIs (GPI<0.9),14 are in 0.833 7 Cote d'Ivoire SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2 0.837 are in EAP (Togo and 8 Niger PNG), and 1 is in 0.838 9 Guinea LAC (Dominican 0.838 10 Eritrea Republic). Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012; Notes: Data is GPI for Primary Gross Enrolment Rate; Black figures are 2011 data; Blue=2010; Data were not available for 71 of 214 countries. Which countries have decreased gender disparity in primary the most? These countries have moved from 0.14 to 0.25 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) between 2000/2001 and the most recent data year. 6 of the 10 countries are in SSA; 2 are in MNA and 2 in South Asia. Senegal now has higher female enrollment rates than male enrollment rates (1.06). Burundi and India have reached gender parity. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender Parity in Primary Enrollments Percentage 2000 or Most Points 2001 current Improved GPI GPI % Improved 1 Sierra Leone 0.25 0.67 0.93 37.53 2 Ethiopia 0.22 0.69 0.91 32.73 3 Burkina Faso 0.20 0.73 0.93 27.50 4 Benin 0.20 0.67 0.87 29.66 5 Yemen, Rep. 0.19 0.63 0.82 30.55 6 Burundi 0.19 0.80 0.99 23.64 7 Senegal 0.17 0.89 1.06 19.31 8 India 0.15 0.85 1.00 17.61 9 Pakistan 0.15 0.67 0.82 21.79 0.14 0.76 0.90 18.84 10 Djibouti Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Sept. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI is the most recent data point for 2008-2011; Data were not available for 54 of 213 countries. Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in primary attendance rates? EAP, ECA, LAC, and MNA do not have large disparities in primary net attendance rates (NAR) between genders, rural/urban locations, or top/bottom income quintiles. The largest disparities in most regions are associated with income. In SSA and SAS, there is a 20 percentage point difference between the top/bottom income quintiles. Rural students in SSA also have NARs that are 12 percentage points lower than urban students.2 Gender, income and location disparities are small in all regions except except SAS and SSA. 20 Percentage Point Difference in Net Attendance Rate. Primary (Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5) 18 Gender disparity Location disparity Income disparity 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007 Which regions have the highest percentage of children out-of-school? In 1999, 16% of primary school age children were OOS. 42% of children in SSA and almost a quarter of children in SAS were OOS. By 2010, 9.3% of children were OOS globally, but SSA’s rate was still much higher at 23.8%. Most of the progress in reducing the rate of children OOS occurred between 1999 and 2008. Since 2008, global and regional rates have basically remained the same. Rates of Children Out-of-School have decreased since 1999, but progress has slowed since 2008. 45.0 Out-of-school rate for children of primary school age (%). Total 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 16.3 15.0 15.5 15.1 14.5 13.1 11.1 10.9 11.3 10.0 10.1 9.3 9.3 5.0 0.0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in Edstats, November 2012 Which countries have highest rates of children out-of-school? More than half of primaryschool age children are out of school in Eritrea and Djibouti. More than a quarter of primary school aged children are out-of-school in 14 countries. 47 countries have more than 10% of children outof-school. Nine of ten countries are in SSA. 10 Countries with the Highest Rates of Children Out-of School (2009-2011) 1 Eritrea 65.1 2 Djibouti 55.4 3 Equatorial Guinea 43.7 4 Nigeria 42.4 5 Cote d'Ivoire 38.5 6 Niger 37.5 7 Burkina Faso 36.8 8 Mali 32.8 9 Central African Republic 31.1 Gambia, The 30.7 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not available for 61 of 214 countries. Out-of-school rate for children of primary school age (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Which region has the most out of school (OOS) children? In 2010, ¾ of the world’s out-of-school (OOS) children lived in two regions: SSA and SAS. Over half (55%) of the world's out of school children lived in SSA. ECA had the smallest percentage of the world’s OOS children at 1.8% followed by MNA (3.9%) and LAC (4.4%). Out-of-School Children of Primary School Age by Region (2010) HIC 3.1% EAP 10.6% 6 Million ECA 1.8% LAC 4.4% MNA 3.9% SSA 54.4% 33 Million SAS 21.8% 13 Million Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions; How many primary school age children are out of school (OOS)? The total number of out-of-school children has decreased by 47 million since 1999. In 1999, 107.7 million children were out of primary school. The total decreased to 72.6 million in 2005 and 60.7 million in 2010. There were 47 million fewer children OOS in 2010 than in 1999. Since 2008, the global number of out-of-school children has grown from 60.66 million to 60.69 million (2009) and 60.73 million in 2010. 110 100 Out-of-School Children. Primary. Total (in millions) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 HIC ECA LAC MNA EAP SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Note: HIC = High Income Countries in all regions How much have regions decreased the total number of OOS children? SAS and MNA more than halved the total number of OOS children between 1999 and 2010. In SAS, the total number of OOS children decreased by 25.6 million or 66%. SSA decreased the total number by 12.3 million, which was a 27% decrease between 1999 and 2010, but the total number increased by 1.5 million between 2008 and 2010. All regions have decreased their total number of out-of-school children since 1999. 50 1999 2008 2010 45 40 Out-of-School Children. Total (in millions) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 SSA SAS EAP MNA LAC ECA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Which countries have the most outof-school children? 45.8% of the world’s outof-school children live in the 10 countries listed here. Five of the countries are in SSA and 3 are in SAS. Nigeria almost has as many OOS children as the regional totals for LAC, ECA, and MNA combined (10.9 million). The US is #8 in the ranking because of the large size of the school age population and also possibly because of a lack of consistent data collection on homeschooled children. 10 Countries with the Most Out-of School Children (2008-2011) 1 Nigeria 10,542,105 2 Pakistan 5,125,373 3 Ethiopia 2,389,945 4 India 2,278,322 5 Bangladesh 1,835,269 6 Philippines 1,460,431 7 Cote d'Ivoire 1,160,732 8 United States 1,023,231 9 Burkina Faso 1,022,362 Niger 1,012,228 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012 Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not available for 61 of 214 countries. Are more females out-ofschool than males? In 1999, there were almost 62 million females out-of-school compared to 45.5 million males. 58% of the world’s out-ofschool children were female. In 2010, around 32 million girls were out of school compared to 28.6 million boys. 52.5% of out-of-school children were female. The gap between male and female totals decreased from 16.5 million to 3.6 million between 1999 and 2010. 120 Out-of-School Children. Primary (in millions) More Females are Out of Primary School than Males 100 80 60 40 20 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Males Out-of-School Females Out-of-School Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012 Where are more females out-ofschool? Over half of the world’s out of school girls are in SSA, and just under 1/4 are in South Asia. South Asia has decreased its total number of females out-of-school by 17.7 million since 1999. The region’s total dropped from 25 million to 7 million. SSA has also decreased its total from 24.3 million in 1999 to 17.5 million in 2010. 65 60 Out-of-School Children. Primary. Female (in millions) 3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 LAC ECA MNA EAP SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012 Which countries have the most females OOS? Around half of the world’s out-of-school females live in these 10 countries. 36% of the world’s out-ofschool females live in the Top 4 countries. Nigeria, Pakistan, and India all have more ourof-school females that the sum of all females out-ofschool in LAC and ECA. Half of the countries are in SSA and three are in South Asia. 10 Countries with the Most Female Out-of School Children (2008-2011) 1 Nigeria 5,487,901 2 Pakistan 3,241,203 3 India 1,407,495 4 Ethiopia 1,367,141 5 Cote d'Ivoire 663,809 6 Philippines 661,551 7 Bangladesh 591,325 8 Niger 568,884 9 Yemen, Rep. 567,702 10 Burkina Faso 530,731 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October, 2012; Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Orange is 2008;Blue is 2009; Blue is 2010; Black is 2011; Data were not available for 61 of 213 countries. Are there gender, income, or location disparities in the % of children OOS? In all regions, more low income students are OOS than high income students. SAS has the largest income disparity at 29 percentage points difference between the top and bottom quintiles. SSA follows closely behind with 24 points. A higher % of boys are OOS in EAP, ECA, and LAC, but a higher % of girls are OOS in SAS and SSA. In all regions except for ECA, a higher % of rural students are OOS. This disparity is highest in SSA at 15 percentage points.2 Low income is the greatest source of disparity in percentages of OOS children across regions. 2 Percentage Point Difference in the % of Children Out-of-School (MaleFemale, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 -28 Gender disparity Location disparity Income disparity -30 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007 Do rural/urban disparities in educational access exist in SSA? Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school. Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Do income disparities exist in educational access in SAS and EAP? South Asia (SAS) Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school. East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Secondary Education How many children are enrolled in secondary schools? Over 543 million students are enrolled in secondary school worldwide. This total is up from 510 million in 2005 and 451 million in 2000. Over half of the world’s secondary school students are in either EAP or SAS. 38 percent of total secondary enrolments are in China (18%) and India (20%) 258 million (47.5%) are girls. Share of Total Secondary Enrollments by Region (%) 2010 HIC 16.0% EAP 27.4% SAS 24.9% ECA 6.4% SSA 8.4% LAC 11.0% MNA 5.8% Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions; HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions. How many children are enrolled? Secondary – Net Enrollment Rates (NER) In 2000, just over half (53%) of secondary school age children were enrolled. This figure has risen by 9.4 percentage points to 62.5% in 2010. ECA has consistently had the highest net enrolment rates (NERs) over time at around 80%. Unlike in primary, secondary NERs have consistently improved over time globally and in most regions. Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time. 90 80 Net Enrolment Rate. Secondary. Total (%) 70 60 50 53.1 57.1 2004 2006 61.1 62.5 2008 2010 40 30 20 10 0 2000 Continued… 54.8 58.7 EAP 2002 ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes: SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS How many children are enrolled? Secondary – NER (continued) EAP has made the most progress between 2000 (55%) and 2010 (72%) followed by SAS, which improved by 11 percentage points between 2000 and 2008. SSA improved by 6.7 percentage points between 2000 and 2007, but still was more than 20 percent behind other regions with NERs ranging from 20-26%. Almost ¾ of secondary school age students are not enrolled in SSA, and almost half are not enrolled in SAS. Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time. 90 80 Net Enrolment Rate. Secondary. Total (%) 70 60 50 53.1 54.8 57.1 58.7 2004 2006 61.1 62.5 2008 2010 40 30 20 10 0 2000 EAP 2002 ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes: SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS Which countries have the lowest secondary enrollment rates? More than 2/3 of secondary school age students are out-of-school in these countries. Almost 90% of students are not enrolled in Niger and Angola. 25 countries have less than half of secondary school age students enrolled. Djibouti is the only country on the list that is not in SSA. #10 Eritrea’s NER is almost 3 times higher than #1 Niger’s NER. #5 Mozambique improved from 3.4% in 2001 to 17.3% in 2011. 10 Countries with the Lowest Secondary Net Enrollment Rates (2008-2011) 1 Niger 10.2 2 Angola 11.5 3 Central African Republic 14.1 4 Burundi 16.2 5 Mozambique 17.3 6 Burkina Faso 17.5 7 Madagascar 23.6 8 Djibouti 24.2 9 Malawi 27.5 10 Eritrea 28.6 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Notes: Figures are most recent year with available data between 20082011. Green = 2008; Blue = 2009; Black = 2010; Purple = 2011. Data were not available for 96 of 214 countries. Which countries have improved secondary enrolment rates the most? These countries have improved their secondary net enrolment rates (NER) by 16 to 32 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Secondary Net Enrollment Rates Percentage 1999Points 2001 Improved NER Most % current Improved NER 1 Bhutan 32.0 21.7 53.8 147.5 2 Syrian Arab Republic 25.2 41.7 67.0 60.5 Bhutan has more than doubled its 2001 NER, but still has around half of secondary school age students OOS in 2011. 3 St. Lucia 25.0 60.3 85.3 41.4 4 St. Vincent and the 22.4 67.9 90.4 33.0 5 Dominican Republic 22.1 40.2 62.3 55.0 6 Oman 21.5 68.2 89.7 31.6 7 Indonesia 20.6 46.7 67.3 44.1 Despite their improvement, only three of these countries have NERs higher than 75%. 8 Venezuela, RB 17.5 54.3 71.8 32.2 9 Kenya 16.0 34.0 50.0 47.0 10 Ghana 15.8 32.9 48.7 48.1 Grenadines Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012; Notes: Black data is for 2001 or 2010; Purple is 2000 or 2011; Blue is 2009; Data were not available for 123 of 214 countries. Net Enrollment Rate. Secondary (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Do low secondary enrollments relate to low national income per capita? Low gross national income (GNI) per capita does not necessarily lead to low secondary NERs. Low income countries (<$1025 GNI pc) have NERs ranging from 10.2% (Niger) to 85% (Tajikistan). All countries with a GNI pc over $10,000 have a NER over 70% except Liechtenstein and Uruguay. Almost all countries with secondary NERs less than 50% have a GNI pc less than $3000. The exceptions are Swaziland and Angola. There is no clear association between low national income per capita and low secondary enrolment rates. 100 Norway 90 Net Enrollment Rate. Secondary. All Programmes. Total 80 Macao, SAR China 70 Switzerland, Qatar, Luxembourg 60 Suriname 50 40 30 20 CAR, Burundi, Mozambique, Burkina Faso Angola 10 Niger R² = 0.1793 0 0 20 40 60 80 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011. Which regions have reached gender parity in secondary enrollments? Globally, the gender parity index (GPI) for secondary net enrollment rate (NER) has been increasing from 0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in 2010. ECA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity (1.0). LAC has consistently had higher female NERs. EAP has reversed from a male bias (0.96) in 2000 to a female bias (1.06) in 2010. SAS has greatly decreased gender disparity over time. SSA has maintained a male bias 0.80 since 2000. Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary greatly across regions. 1.10 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Net Enrolment Rate. Secondary 1.05 Female Bias 1.00 Male Bias 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 2006 2008 2010 0.94 0.90 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.75 2000 WLD EAP 2002 ECA 2004 LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; No data available for SSA and MNA for 2010. SSA 2008 data is from 2007. Does gender parity exist in secondary enrollments in most countries? Just over half (52%) of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity in secondary enrollments. Unlike primary enrollments, more countries have a female bias in secondary enrolments. 85 countries have GPIs higher than 1 while 71 countries have GPIs less than 1. 6 countries have perfect gender parity (1.0): Slovenia, Mauritius, Swaziland, Japan, Indonesia, and Cyprus. More countries have higher female secondary GERs than male secondary GERs. 1.40 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. Secondary 1.30 1.20 1.10 Female Bias 1.00 Male Bias 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011) Which countries have the largest gender disparities in secondary enrolments? In 9 of 10 countries, the male GER is much higher than the female GER. In Lesotho – the female GER is higher than the male rate. 8 of 10 countries are in SSA. 1 is in South Asia and 1 is in MNA. Of the 20 countries with the greatest gender disparity, 5 have a female bias. 14 of the top 20 are in SSA. 10 Countries with the Largest Gender Disparities in Secondary Enrolments (2008-2011) GPI Absolute value from 1 1 Chad 0.42 0.58 2 Afghanistan 0.51 0.49 3 Central African Republic 0.55 0.45 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.58 0.42 5 Guinea 0.59 0.41 6 Lesotho 1.38 0.38 7 Yemen, Rep. 0.62 0.38 8 Niger 0.66 0.34 9 Angola 0.69 0.31 Mali 0.71 0.29 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012; Notes: Data are 2010 GPIs for Secondary Gross Enrolment Rates except Guinea (2009), CAR (2011), and Mali (2011); Data were not available for 52 of 213 countries. Which countries have decreased gender disparity in secondary the most? These countries have moved from 0.19 to 0.34 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) over time. Sweden and St. Lucia improved from a large female bias (1.26) toward gender parity. The other countries have improved from a male bias (0.40 to 0.85) toward gender parity. 3 of 10 countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in the most recent year. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender Parity in Secondary Enrollments Percentage 2000/ Points 2001 Improved GPI Most current GPI 1 Cambodia 0.34 0.57 0.90 2 Sweden 0.27 1.26 0.99 3 St. Lucia 0.27 1.26 0.99 4 Mozambique 0.23 0.64 0.87 5 Senegal 0.21 0.66 0.88 6 Yemen, Rep. 0.21 0.41 0.62 7 India 0.20 0.72 0.92 8 Bhutan 0.19 0.85 1.04 9 Guinea 0.19 0.40 0.59 10 Turkey 0.19 0.73 0.91 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI data for most countries is from 2010; Guinea and Turkey are 2009; Mozambique data is 2011. Do income disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in SAS and MNA? South Asia (SAS) % of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school Middle East and North Africa (MNA) Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Do rural/urban disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in LAC? % of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Do regional disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in Asia? % of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012 Tertiary Education How many youth are enrolled? Tertiary – Gross Enrolment Rates (GER) Around 30% of tertiary age youth were enrolled in tertiary education 2010. This figure was a 10 percentage point improvement over 2000 (19%). ECA has consistently had the highest tertiary GERs of any region. Over half (55.6%) of tertiary age youth were enrolled in 2010 which is a 17 percentage point increase over 2000. EAP has more than doubled its tertiary GER over time. SSA lags behind other regions with 6.8% of youth enrolled in 2010. Almost ¾ of tertiary age youth around the world are not enrolled in tertiary education. 60 50 Gross Enrolment Rate. Tertiary. Total (%) 40 30 27.0 24.9 23.5 20 29.2 21.5 19.1 10 0 2000 EAP 2002 ECA 2004 LAC MNA 2006 SAS 2008 SSA 2010 WLD Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Which countries have the lowest tertiary enrollment rates? These countries have less than 4% of tertiary age students enrolled in tertiary education. 33 countries have less than 10 percent of tertiary age youth enrolled. 50 countries have more than half of tertiary age youth enrolled. 8 countries have tertiary GERs higher than 80% and 4 countries have tertiary GERs higher than 90%: Finland, the United States, Cuba, and Korea, Rep. 10 Countries with the Lowest Tertiary Gross Enrollment Rates (2008-2011) 1 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.08 2 Malawi 0.72 3 Niger 1.51 4 Eritrea 1.99 5 Tanzania 2.11 6 Chad 2.17 7 Central African Republic 2.57 8 Burundi 3.25 9 Afghanistan 3.33 Dominica 3.57 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Notes: Figures are most recent year with data between 2008-2011. Purple = 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009; Green = 2008. Data were not available for 72 of 214 countries. Which countries have improved tertiary enrolment rates the most? These countries have improved their tertiary gross enrolment rates by 27 to 70 percentage points between 19992001 and 20092011. 7 countries more than doubled their tertiary GER – Cuba, Venezuela, Cyprus, Montenegro, Czech Rep., Romania, and Armenia. All of the countries are in LAC or ECA. 10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Tertiary Gross Enrollment Rates Percentage 1999Points 2001 Improved GER 20092011 GER % Improved 1 Cuba 70.0 25.2 95.2 277.8 2 Venezuela, RB 49.8 28.3 78.1 175.6 3 Cyprus 33.0 21.6 54.6 152.8 4 Montenegro 31.1 16.6 47.6 187.9 5 Czech Republic 30.5 30.1 60.7 101.5 6 Romania 30.5 28.4 58.8 107.4 7 Uruguay 29.5 33.8 63.3 87.4 8 Ukraine 27.1 52.4 79.5 51.8 9 Belarus 27.0 55.9 83.0 48.3 10 Armenia 26.6 24.9 51.5 106.7 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012; Notes: Most recent data year available was used from 2008-2011. Data were not available for 97 of 214 countries. Gross Enrollment Ratio. Tertiary Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only. Do countries with higher income per capita have higher tertiary enrollment rates? Most countries with gross national income (GNI) per capita less than $1000 have tertiary GERs less than 11%. Tajikistan (20%) and Kyrgyz Rep (49%) are the two exceptions. Countries with GNI pc more than $20,000 have tertiary GERs higher than 50% except for Qatar (10%), Luxembourg (10.5%), Brunei (17.2%), and Liechtenstein (36.0%). 100 United States Finland 90 Gross enrolment ratio. Tertiary (ISCED 5 and 6). Total Most countries with a GNI pc higher than $20,000 have tertiary GERs higher than 50%. Belarus Slovenia 80 Norway 70 60 Switzerland 50 40 30 Oman 20 Brunei Luxembourg, Qatar 10 R² = 0.2021 0 0 20 40 60 80 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011. Which regions have reached gender parity in tertiary enrollments? In 2000, the world gender parity index (GPI) for tertiary enrollments was 1.0 – perfect gender parity. Since then, female GERs have been higher than male GERs, and the GPI has been moving above 1.0. MNA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity in 2010. LAC and ECA have consistently had higher female GERs, and EAP has reversed from a male bias to a female bias. SAS and SSA have maintained a strong male bias in tertiary enrolments over time. Gender disparities in tertiary enrolment rates vary greatly across regions. 1.30 1.25 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Rate. Tertiary 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.04 1.02 Female Bias 1.00 1.00 Male Bias 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 2000 WLD 2002 EAP ECA 2004 LAC 2006 MNA 2008 SAS 2010 SSA Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012 Does gender parity exist in tertiary enrollments in most countries? The majority of countries have higher female enrolment rates than male enrolment rates in tertiary education. Only 9 countries are within +/-0.05 of gender parity in tertiary enrollments. 63% of countries have a female bias in tertiary enrolments vs. 37% with higher male enrolment rates. One country – Vietnam – has perfect gender parity (1.0). In 10 countries, the female GER more than doubles the male GER. These countries are island nations in LAC and Qatar (see next slide). 5.50 5.00 Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratio. Tertiary 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 Female Bias 1.50 1.00 0.50 Male Bias 0.00 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011) Which countries have the largest gender disparities in tertiary enrolments? 10 Countries with the Largest Female Bias in Tertiary Enrolments (2008-2011) 1 Qatar 5.38 2 Dominica 3.35 3 Antigua and Barbuda 2.58 4 St. Lucia 2.57 5 Guyana 2.52 6 Barbados 2.38 7 Jamaica 2.28 8 Cayman Islands 2.24 9 Bermuda 2.12 St. Kitts and Nevis 2.10 10 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; Notes: Black = 2010; Blue = 2008; Data were not available for 73 of 213 countries. 10 Countries with the Largest Male Bias in Tertiary Enrolments (2008-2011) 1 Chad 0.17 2 Congo, Rep. 0.21 3 Afghanistan 0.24 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.31 5 Central African Republic 0.32 6 Eritrea 0.33 7 Guinea 0.33 8 Ethiopia 0.36 9 Benin 0.38 10 Niger 0.38 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; Notes: Maroon=2011; Black = 2010; Purple = 2009; Blue = 2008; Data were not available for 73 of 213 countries. Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in post-secondary attendance ratios? Levels of gender disparity in postsecondary attendance are much lower than levels of location and income disparity. More girls than boys attend post-secondary schools in EAP, ECA, and LAC. Rural areas have between 5 (SSA) and 15 (LAC) percent lower attendance ratios than urban areas. Income is the largest source of disparity across regions. Income disparities range from 8 percentage points in SSA to 34 in LAC.2 Income is the largest source of disparity in postsecondary gross attendance ratios in all regions. 35 Percentage Point Difference in Gross Attendance Ratio. Post-Sec. (Male-Female, Urban-Rural, and Quintile 1-Quintile 5) 30 Gender disparity Location disparity Income disparity 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007 Data Sources This presentation utilizes the following data sources: 1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) data in the EdStats Query The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators and 2011 data for some countries. The most recent regional aggregate data was from 2010. Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the EdStats Query metadata. 2) Income/Gender/Location Disparity slides were based on data and analysis extracted from: Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu by Emilio Porta (2011). Porta, Emilio, Gustavo Arcia, Kevin Macdonald, Sergiy Radyakin, and Misha Lokshin. 2011. Assessing Sector Performance and Inequality in Education. Washington, DC: World Bank. The State of Education Series The following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website: Topics: Educational Levels: Access Pre-Primary Education Primary Education Secondary Education Tertiary Education Quality Expenditures Literacy Equity Gender