East Meets West The Crusades The Crusades: Causes European Expansionism Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes pressure on Europe Agricultural advances increase food.
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East Meets West The Crusades The Crusades: Causes European Expansionism Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes pressure on Europe Agricultural advances increase food supply Battle of Hastings, 1066 Capture of Toledo from Moslems, 1087 Capture of Sicily from Moslems, 1091 Europe 1000-1100 The Crusades: Causes Roman-Byzantine Rivalry Great Schism, 1064 Cluniac (Benedictine) Reform causes church in West to be more attentive to business and provides impetus to attempts to reassert control The Crusades: Causes Events in Moslem World Battle of Manzikert, 1071. Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks. Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine Empire. Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic. Call for a Crusade Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095 Objectives Drive Turks from Anatolia Obligate the Byzantines Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Capture Holy Land Major Events of Crusades I Crusade 1097-1098 Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling. Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors Major Events of Crusades II Crusade, 1147-1148 Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat III Crusade, 1189-1191 Well-known in literature (Robin Hood) Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire Saladin on Moslem side. Major Events of Crusades IV Crusade, 1199-1204 Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid. Major Events of Crusades • V Crusade 1218-1219 – Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem – Moslems agree – Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed • VI Crusade 1229 – Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation – Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years – He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting. Major Events of Crusades • VII Crusade 1248-1254 – Led by Louis IX of France – Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade • VIII Crusade 1270 – Led by Louis IX of France – Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. – The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 – One small island stronghold lasted until 1303. Where else in military history can we find a war that was won four times and still lost? Crusades died out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Repeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians) Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms Romantic and imaginative literature. Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches. Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Moslem minarets adopted as church spires Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.