Aim: The Crusades

DO NOW: 1) Why did some Crusaders decide to remain in Palestine (modern Israel) after the Crusades?

Consider, I pray, and reflect bow in our time God has transferred the West into the East, For we who were Occidentals now have been made Orientals. He who was a Roman or a Frank (European) is now a Galilaean, or an inhabitant of Palestine. One who was a citizen of Rheims or of Chartres now has been made a citizen of Tyre or of Antioch (Middle East)… Our parents and relatives from day to day come to join us, abandoning, even though reluctantly, all that they possess. For those who were poor there, here God makes rich. Those who had few coins, here possess countless besants {an ornament} ; and those who had not had a villa, here, by the gift of God, already possess a city. Therefore why should one who has found the East so favorable return to the West? God does not wish those to suffer want who, carrying their crosses, have vowed to follow Him, nay even unto the end….

The Crusades : The Beginning

• • In 1093, Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos asks Pope Urban II for help fighting the Turks Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war”

Goals of Crusades

• • • • Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble or win glory by fighting (althougYounger sons hope to earn land h historian Rodney Stark in God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades disagrees with that theory because the first three crusades were led by the heads of the royal families of Europe).

Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade.

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First Crusade 1096-99

Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

Second Crusade 1147-1148

• • Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second crusade fails to retake it In 1187, Saladin— Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior— retakes Jerusalem

• • • • •

The Third Crusade

The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers • Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard King Richard I of England (the lion hearted) • The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister.

The Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade.

King Phillip II of France • • Frederick I of Germany (Holy Roman Empire) drowns during the journey In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles King Frederick I “Barbarossa” of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) • Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter the city

Fourth Crusade

• • • • Fourth Crusade (1200-1204) Crusaders sack the Christian city Zara and are excommunicated by the pope for it.

The Venetian leadership keeps their excommunication a secret. Then Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204 Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken the Muslims

Effects of the Crusades

• • • • • Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians