Transcript Chapter 14

Chapter 14
The Formation
of Western
Europe
800 - 1500
Monastic Revival & Church
Reform
 Problems
in the
Church
–Married
Priests
–Simony
–Lay
Investiture
Monastic Revival &
Church Reform

Some reforms are
seen in the Cluny
Monastery in
France.
 Cluny’s reputation
for virtue inspired
the founding of
many monasteries
throughout Europe.
Monastic Revival &
Church Reform




By the 1100s the Church
was structured like a
kingdom.
Curia – pope’s advisors &
court.
The Curia also set up
canon law.
Collected taxes,
performed social services
& operated many
hospitals.
Monastic Revival &
Church Reform

Eventually, friars
will travel
spreading
Church ideas.
 Friars lived by
begging.
 Key examples are
St. Dominic & St.
Francis of Assisi.
Cathedrals – Cities of God

Romanesque
churches were
replaced by the gothic
style filled with high
ceilings & large
stained glass windows
Cathedrals – Cities of God
Cathedrals – Cities of God
Cathedrals – Cities of God
Cathedrals – Cities of God
Cathedrals – Cities of God
Cathedrals
– Cities of
God
Cathedrals – Cities of God
The Crusades
The Crusades
1095 – Pope Urban II
called for a crusade
or a “holy war” to
gain control of the
Holy Land from the
Muslim invaders.
 For the next 200
years wars will be
launched to
recapture Jerusalem.

The Crusades

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Crying out “God wills it.”, crusaders
went out to fight the good fight, but
many would not return.
Many fought for three main reasons:
1. Religious Zeal
2. Opportunity for Wealth
3. Adventure.
The Crusades

First Crusade
– Despite having no plan &
being unprepared, the
Crusaders (numbering
12,000) captured the city
of Jerusalem on July 15,
1099.
– Four Crusader states
were carved out of the
territory captured that
were eventually
recaptured by the Turks.
The Crusades

Second Crusade
– Organized to
recapture the city
of Edessa
– The city of
Jerusalem had
fallen to the
Muslim leader
Saladin.
The Crusades

Third Crusade
– Led by French King
Philip Augustus,
German emperor
Frederick I, & English
King Richard the
Lionhearted.
 1192 – Truce that stated
that Jerusalem was under
Muslim control while
Christian pilgrims could
freely visit the city.
The Crusades

Fourth Crusade
– 1198 ~ Pope
Innocent III
appeals for
another Crusade.
– Ultimately it saw
the looting of
Constantinople
causing a breach
between the east
and West (1204)
Crusading Spirit Dwindles

As the Crusades became
more & more unsuccessful,
the original spirit is
replaced by personal gain.
 There was a Children’s
Crusade which proved
unsuccessful.
 Reconquista ~ Effort to
drive the Muslims out of
Spain, eventually done by
King Ferdinand & Queen
Isabella.
Crusading
Spirit
Dwindles

Inquisition
– Effort to unify the
country under
Christianity.
– Tribunals to stamp
out heretics.
– Many heretics were
tortured or burned at
the stake.
Crusading Spirit Dwindles
***Causes
& Effects of the
Crusades on page 346.***
A Growing
Food Supply

Oxen will be replaced by
horses which increased
food production.
 New harnesses allowed
for horses to be properly
utilized.
A Growing Food
Supply

Using the three-field
system farmers
were able to utilize
more of their land
which meant more
food, increased
population &
healthier people.
Trade and Finance
Expand

Self-sufficiency of the
manors turned to
trade fairs.
 Guilds were created
as an association of
people who worked
the same occupation.
 Standards of quality
were organized by
the masters of the
trade.
Trade and Finance Expand

Since Christians could not
lend money at interest
(usury), Jews became the
moneylenders and
bankers.
 Jews never became a
part of the feudal system
forced to live in ghettos
heavily due to antiSemitism.
Urban Splendor Reborn

Small towns began to
develop as people
began to reject feudal
society.
 Street were filled with
people & animals.
 People rarely bathed
& lived in flammable
houses with little light
or clean water.
The Revival of Learning

Universities will
become the centers
of learning (Paris,
France & Bologna,
Italy)
 The vernacular
language will also
gain popularity.
The Revival of
Learning
Dante
–The Divine
Comedy
Geoffrey
Christine
Chaucer
de Pisan
–The
Canterbury
Tales
–The City
of Ladies
The Revival of Learning

Thomas Aquinas
argued that the most
basic truths could be
proved by logical
argument.
 Author of Summa
Theologica
 Scholastics –
scholars who
debated
Section 3
England &
France Develop
England Absorbs Invaders
Alfred the Great will actually turn back
the Danish Vikings to eventually call it
England ~ “land of the Angles”
 Edward the Confessor will die without a
male heir leaving England to one last
great invasion.

England Absorbs
Invaders

William, duke of
Normandy (William the
Conqueror) will be that
invader.
 October 14 ,1066 ~ The
Battle of Hastings; the
Saxons were defeated &
William is the undisputed
king of England.
England’s Evolving Gov’t

Henry II & Eleanor of Aquitaine
– King of England, in charge of Normandy and
Aquitaine.
– Sent royal judges to collect taxes, settle lawsuits
& punish crimes.
– His jury trials will become the basis for England’s
common law.
England’s Evolving Gov’t

King John, brother
of Richard the Lion
Hearted will become
the next king.
 John lost the lands
in France & treated
his nobles harshly
causing problems.
England’s Evolving Gov’t

June 15, 1215 ~ the
nobility forced John
to sign the Magna
Carta (Great
Charter)
 The Magna Carta
guaranteed certain
basic political rights.
Magna Carta & the US Gov’t
England’s
Evolving
Gov’t

Edward I trying to hang on to the remaining
French lands summoned citizens of wealth &
property to serve as a parliament.
 Will eventually break into the House of Lords
& the House of Commons
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
Under feudalism, France was divided
among 30 territories.
 After the death of the last Carolingian
leader (Louis the Sluggard), Hugh
Capet & the Capetian dynasty will rule
France from
987 to 1328.

Capetian Dynasty Rules France

Philip II (Philip
Augustus) ruled from
1180 to 1223.
 By the end of his
reign he had tripled
the lands under his
direct control.
 First king to be more
powerful than his
vassals.
Capetian Dynasty Rules France

Philip II also strengthened the
government.
– He established royal officials (bailiffs)
who went to every district in the
kingdom to preside over the king’s
courts and collect the king’s taxes.
Capetian Dynasty Rules France

Louis IX (12261270)
– Will become a
saint for the
Catholic Church
– Created a French
appeals court to
strengthen the
monarchy.
Capetian Dynasty Rules France

Philip IV (12851314)
– Quarreled with
the pope over
paying the king’s
taxes.
– Will hold a
meeting to win
support for his
policies
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
Estates-General
 First Estate

– Church Leaders

Second Estate
– Nobility

Third Estate
– Commoners
A Church
Divided

Pope Boniface VIII
was imprisoned by
French king Philip IV
after Boniface
responded to
Philip’s influence
over the French
bishops.
 Boniface will die &
the pope will no
longer be able to
exert their influence
over the monarchs.
A Church Divided

1305 ~ Philip gets Clement V elected as
the new pope, who moves the office of
the pope to Avignon, France.
The Great Schism
1378 – Gregory XI dies
& Urban VI is elected
pope.
 French Cardinals elect
Clement VII.
 There will be a point in
which there are
THREE popes.
 Settled with the
Council of Constance
with the election of
Martin V.


John Wycliffe
– Jesus was the
head of the
Church, not the
pope.
– Believed that the
clergy should not
own land or
possess wealth
– Bible alone as the
sole authority.
– Translated the
bible into
vernacular
Challenge to
Church Authority
Challenge to Church Authority

John Hus
– Authority of the
bible was higher
than the pope
– Burned at the
stake for being a
heretic
The Bubonic Plague Strikes

Due to the Bubonic
plague, 1/3 of
Europe’s population
died.
 Also known as the
Black Death due to
the black spots it
produced on the
skin.
The Bubonic Plague Strikes

The plague tore
Europe apart, even
the Jews were
blamed at one point.
 It struck every few
years.
The Bubonic Plague Strikes
Populations fell, trade declined, manor
systems began to crumble, & church
lost prestige.
 “Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow you
may die”

The
Hundred
Years’
War
The Hundred Years’ War
England’s Edward III claimed the right
to the French throne & a war ensued
from 1337 to 1453.
 It was not a constant battle with
victories passing back and forth.
 The French ultimately win the war.

The Hundred Years’ War

Battle of Crecy (August 26, 1346)
– English long bowmen peppered the French
with arrows causing them to retreat.
– The French trampled over each other,
while fallen French knights (in their armor)
were helpless.
The Hundred Years’ War

English archers were also
successful at the Battle of
Poitiers & the Battle of
Agincourt.
The Hundred Years’ War
Joan of Arc

French peasant girl
felt moved by God
to rescue France
from its English
conquerors.
 Guided the French
to victory at the
siege of Orleans.
Joan of Arc

Joan will eventually
be captured by the
Burgundians &
handed over to the
British.
 She will be tried as
a witch and burned
at the stake.
Impact of the Hundred
Years’ War
French victory gave birth to a feeling of
nationalism.
 England’s parliament was strengthened
through this war and the War of the
Roses.
 Considered the end of the Middle Ages,
especially in regards to Church devotion
& chivalry.
