Transcript Formation of Western Europe

Formation of Western
Europe
Chapter 14
I. The Age of Faith
 Around 900s
 The church started massive rebuilding
projects to restructure what invaders
destroyed in Western Europe
 Still considered Middle Ages
The Age of Faith (cont’d)
A. Problems in the
Church
 Married priests
 Simony:
bishops sold
positions in the
church
 Lay Investure
The Age of Faith (cont’d)
B. Reform and Organization
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Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII enforced
church laws and reorganized the church
Papal Curia: Pope’s advisors (acted as a
court)
Tithes 1/10th the yearly income
The Age of Faith (cont’d)
C. New Religious Orders

Friars: traveling preachers; vows of chastity,
poverty, and obedience
 Dominicans: early order of friars; scholars
 Franciscans: St. Francis; treated all things like
spiritual brothers
The Age of Faith (cont’d)
D. Cathedrals
1. Romanesque: 800-1100
 Round arches
 heavy roof
 thick walls
 tiny windows
The Age of Faith (cont’d)
2. Gothic: 1100s
 Roofs thrust upward—reaching heaven
 Huge stained glass windows
 Notre Dame: most famous
II. The Crusades
 When: started
around1096; lasted
approx 300 years
 What: Holy Wars
between the
Christians and
Muslims over the
holy lands
The Crusades (cont’d)
 How it happened:
1. Muslims threatened
Constantinople
2. Byzantine Emperor sent
letter for help
3. Pope Urban II issued a call
for a “holy war” or crusade
4. Over the next 300 years,
several crusades took place
The Crusades (cont’d)
A. Causes
1. Religious:
 Muslims
controlled
Palestine (Holy
Land); threatened
Constantinople
 Christians wanted
to reunite
Christian lands
The Crusades (cont’d)
2. Social:
 Get rid of quarrelsome knights who threatened
peace
 Younger sons wanted land and position in
society as well as adventure
The Crusades (cont’d)
3. Economic:
 Merchants made $ by making loans to finance
the journey; wanted control of trade routes.
The Crusades (cont’d)
B. Effects of the Crusades
1. Showed the Power of the church
 Thousands went to war b/c church said so
 Women had chance to operate affairs at home
2. Increased Trade, cities, and Universities
 Trade expanded b/t Europe and SW Asia
 Spices, fruits, cloth came from Asia
 Benefited Christians and Muslims
The Crusades (cont’d)
3. Legacy of bitterness and hatred left for
Muslims
 Continues today
 Christians displayed hatred and bitterness to
Muslims
 Jews and Christians left in Muslim controlled
territory felt more persecution
The Crusades (cont’d)
C. 1st and 2nd Crusade
1. 1097- three armies of knights and people
gathered outside Constantinople- not
prepared for climate and had no plan, no
leader
2. 1099- army of 12,000 managed to capture
Jerusalem and a small strip of land
3. 1144- Muslims captured a key city- 2nd
Crusade began
4. 1187-Jerusalem captured by Saladin
The Crusades (cont’d)
D. 3rd Crusade
1. Three Kings• Philip II (France)
• “Barbarossa” (German Emperor)
• Richard the Lionhearted (England)
• --- arguments and death left Richard alone
2. Saladin- Kurdish Warrior and Muslim leader
3. Result-Truce in 1192 Jerusalem under Muslim
control, but unarmed Christians could visit.
The Crusades (cont’d)
•
4th Crusade failed, looting of Constantinople by
knights, religious spirit faded- most were out
for their own gain.
•
The Children’s Crusade
1. French-led by a 12 year old, 30,000 children
2. Germany- 20,000 children
3. Results- many died from cold or starvation, lost at
sea, sold into slavery- only 2,000 returned home
The Crusades (cont’d)
E. Spanish Crusade
1. 1100’s-Muslims (Moors) controlled much of
Spain
2. Reconquista- long effort to drive out Muslims
3. 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella gain control of
Grenada– the last Muslim controlled territory
The Crusades (cont’d)
4. Inquisition
a. To unify Spain and increase their power
•
Isabelle and Ferdinand used the court of the church to
suppress heresy (people who’s religious beliefs differed
from the Roman Catholic Church-Muslims and Jews)
b. 1492- all Jews and Muslims were gone from
Spain
III. Advances in Agriculture
A. Switch to Horsepower
 In the past - farmers used oxen (not real fast)
 Switched to horses that could do 3 times as
much work in the same amount of time.
B. Three Field System
 In the past – used a two-field system, where they
only used 50% (1/2) of their land.
 The three-field system allowed farmers to use
67% (2/3)of their land, thereby producing more.
Advances in Ag. (cont’d)
C. Guilds
 organization of individuals in the same business
who work together to improve economic and
social conditions for it members

Functions of the Guild
1) Set standards of quality
2) Train Apprentices
3) Carried goods to local regions
•
Examples: Bakers, Wine makers, Glass makers, Tailors, etc
IV. Trade and Finance
A. Commercial Revolution:

Expansion of trade and business

2 important effects:
1. Careers changed
2. Cities grew
Trade and Finance (cont’d)
1)
2)
3)
4)
Fairs and Trade
Took place mainly in
towns
Peasants from manors
would travel to buy, sell,
and trade
Items: cheese, bacon,
wine, glass, salt,
leather, dyes, knives,
ropes, honey
Crusades opened up
trade routes
 Business and Banking
1) Due to the mass travel of
merchants and traders,
checks and credit
became a means of
moving money.
2) Lending also became
prevalent
Trade and Finance (cont’d)
B. Urban Life Flourishes
1. Populations increase
 30 million to 42 million in 50 years
2. Burghers Develop
 New merchant class; town dwellers
 Resisted taxes of lords, organized themselves,
and demanded privileges
V. Interest in Learning
1. Old Greek philosophical works reemerge during and after the crusades
 They were kept in Muslim libraries in Spain
 Jewish scholars translated the Arabic
versions into Latin
 Europeans acquired a huge new body of
knowledge
2. Universities develop
 Wanted govt. or church jobs
 Took 5-7 yrs to get bachelor’s degree
Interest in Learning (cont’d)
3. Vernacular: everyday language of a
person’s homeland
 a few poets started writing in a language
different from Latin
 Examples: Canterbury Tales, The Divine
Comedy, The book of the City of Ladies.
VI. England Moves Toward Democracy
A. Early Invasions
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For Centuries: Anglos and Saxons invaded
England and stayed creating the Anglo-Saxon
culture
800’s= Vikings were turned back by King Alfred
the Great who named the territory England
1016= Danish King united Vikings and AngloSaxons into one people
1042- King Edward the Confessor took the throne
1066= Edward died without an heir
England Moves Toward Democracy
(cont’d)
B. The Norman Invasion

William the Conqueror
 Duke of Normandy

VS. Harold Godwinson
 Anglo-saxon that claimed the throne

Battle of Hastings Oct. 14, 1066
 William and the Normans win and take England
 (Harold is hit in the eye by an arrow)
England Moves Toward Democracy
(cont’d)
C. Goals of English Kings
1. Hold and add to their French lands
 Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine
 This added a large territory in France
2. Strengthen power over the nobles and the
church
 Henry created courts and sent judges all over the
kingdom to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, and
punish crimes; this became common law: unified
body of law
England Moves Toward Democracy
(cont’d)
D. The Magna Carta (Great Charter)
 Guaranteed certain political rights
 No taxation without representation
 A jury trial
 Equal protection under the law
 Intended to defend the rights of Nobles
 In time extended to all citizens
England Moves Toward Democracy
(cont’d)
 How it happened:
 Henry II succeeded by son Richard the Lionhearted.
Richard died; Left brother John in charge (akasoftsword) 1199-1216
 John lost Normandy and all lands in Northern France
to Philip II (Augustus)
 John was cruel, alienated church, threatened to take
away charters for self-government, and raised
taxes… taxation w/o representation
 Nobles revolt June 15, 1215; force him to sign Magna
Carta
England Moves Toward Democracy
(cont’d)
E. Parliament
 Next king--Edward I needed more money- raised
taxes
 Called knights, lords, bishops, and burgesses
(people with wealth) from all over England in
November 1295 to form the Model Parliament
(Legislative group)
 1300s-1400s- Parliament divided into two houses
(Lords and House of Commons) served to check
the king’s power and strengthen democracy
VII. Capetian Dynasty rules France
A. Leaders
 Capetian Dynasty began when the last Carolingian
(remember Charlemagne) died and Hugh Capet
took over a small territory in France; included
Paris
 Capetian rulers secured French unity and
increased power over 300 years; 987-1328
 Philip II (Remember the Crusader who fought with
Richard) – sought to weaken English Kings’ power
in France- succeeded under John (remember the
Softsword)
Capetian Dynasty rules France (cont’d)
B. Democracy begins
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Philip created courts in France
Henry IX (Philip’s grandson) created a French
appeals court- strengthened his power
Philip IV- began to call members of society
(including commoners) together to make
decisions and gain support for his policies:
forming the Estates General
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First Estate = Church Leaders
Second Estate = Nobles
Third Estate - commoners
VIII. Problems of the Church
The Great Schism
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CAUSE: Thru a series of
situations the Roman
Catholic Church ended up
with two popes. (One in
Italy and the other in
France)
The division (or schism)
was over which one
should be the pope.
This weakened the power
of the church (Lost some
of their credibility.
John Wycliff
 Who – English
preacher
 Stated – “Jesus Christ
was the head of the
church, not the Pope.”
 His complaint –
Church was worldly,
and pope had too
much authority.
IX. Hundred Years’ War
A. Stats
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Lasted from 1337 – 1453
Fighting was off and on, not continuous
Who: England v. France
Central Issue: The Throne of France
Weapon that altered everything was the
longbow
Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)
B. Weapons

Longbow – “The Machine
Gun of the Middle Ages”
 English developed it
 Description: about 6 feet tall,
cheap to make, easy to carry
 Lethal Aspects: Accurate to
about 200 yards, average
archer could shoot about 14
arrows per minute
 The French were still using
crossbows, which made the
battles even more lopsided.
Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)
C. French Heroine
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Joan of Arc – French Teenager
Background – Had visions that
she should lead the
French Army
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The Army followed her, and won several
battles, and guided the French to victory
Condemned as a witch, and burned at the
stake

Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)
D. Impact of the Hundred Years’ War

Nationalism emerged in the two countries -NATIONAL IDENTITIES WERE FORMED

Power of the French monarch evolved

English suffered internal turmoil
X. Bubonic Plague
Began in Asia, arrived
in Italy
70% died
25 million Europeans
Town Populations fell
Jews Blamed
Church lost support