The Future of the Web: Visual, Social, Universal Ben Shneiderman ([email protected]) Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies.
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The Future of the Web: Visual, Social, Universal Ben Shneiderman ([email protected]) Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education www.cs.umd.edu/hcil User Interface Design Goals Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic User Interface Design Goals Consistent Predictable Controllable Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic Design Issues Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org usableweb.com Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Predict and measure time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction 7.0, www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html) Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context U.S. Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Surgeons Researchers Students NASA Environmental Data Scientists Farmers Land planners Students U.S. Bureau of Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students Web Design Strategies to Empower Users: Visual, Social, Universal 1) Visual Design Visual bandwidth is enormous Human perceptual skills are remarkable Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... Color, size, shape, proximity... Human image storage is fast and vast Opportunities Spatial layouts & coordination Information visualization Scientific visualization & simulation Telepresence & augmented reality Virtual environments Consistent Predictable Controllable Treemap - view large trees with node values Space filling Space limited Color coding Size coding Requires learning TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd) Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992 www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemaps Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry Temporal Info Viz - LifeLines LifeLines 2) Social Support: Concepts Online communities E-commerce customer service & consumer conversations Medical support groups & information exchange Educational discussions & teamwork Neighborhood forums & political organizing Technologies Synchronous text: Instant messaging, chat rooms Asynchronous text: Listservs, bulletin boards, newsgroups Audio,video, virtual realities 2) Social Support: Active Worlds 2) Social Support: Goals Supporting Sociability Consistent Predictable Controllable People: Target a population Purposes: Clearly state focus Policies: Make expectations explicit behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules Designing Usability Users: Know the users Tasks: Understand frequencies and sequences Systems: Choose seamless combinations of tools Online Communities: Supporting Sociability, Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley & Sons, June 2000 Defining Trust Trust is the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest, and cooperative behavior, based on commonly shared norms, on the part of the members of that community. - Francis Fukuyama, Trust, 1995 Trust indicates a positive belief about the perceived reliability of, dependability of, and confidence in a person, object, or process. - B. J. Fogg, CHI99 Defining Trust - Revised Trust is the positive expectation a person has for another person or organization that is based on past performance and truthful future guarantees People rely on tools or processes Trusts Person ` Organization Rely on Tool Process Person Truthful Future Guarantees Responsible Internet Design Credo Empower individuals by clarifying responsibility Promote participation by ensuring trust 2) Social Support: Trust Invite participation by ensuring trust Disclose patterns of past performance Provide references from past and current users Get certifications from third parties Make policies for privacy & security easy to find & read Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility Clarify each participant's responsibilities Provide clear guarantees with compensation Describe dispute resolution and mediation services Communications of the ACM, Dec. 2000, Special Issue on Trust On-Web Deception and Trust P.O. Box 83737 Bahamas On the web since 1993 Approved by SEC Make a Million in a Month Visit our 240 investment centers or online service assistants or call 1-800-TRUSTED Over 80,000 customers - see their ratings and comments We did it, you can too! Invest now! Type your credit card # ____________ Read our Customer Protection and Privacy Policy Full money-back guarantee 3) Universal Usability Consistent Predictable Controllable Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, literacy, culture, income, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, light)... Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000 Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access 1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486 Pentium 1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm devices 30,000 Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,... Software Versions Laptops 480,000 Large Desktop or Wall Display 3,840,000 pixels 1 to 100 range in network bandwidth 9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms User diversity: Accommodate different users Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing... Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive Disabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight Age Young to old Gender Male or Female Income Impoverished to wealthy Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Online Learning Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active Training Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities Customer service Email Phone Help desks Thomas Jefferson I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings. -- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808 Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil