Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman ([email protected]) Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for.
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Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman ([email protected]) Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland [email protected] Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil) Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) • Specify users and tasks • Predict and measure time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time • Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) • Accommodate individual differences • Consider social, organizational & cultural context Design Issues • Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands • Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help • Collaboration & communities • Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com Library of Congress • Scholars, Journalists, Citizens • Teachers, Students Visible Human Explorer (NLM) • Doctors • Surgeons • Researchers • Students NASA Environmental Data • Scientists • Farmers • Land planners • Students Bureau of Census • Economists, Policy makers, Journalists • Teachers, Students NSF Digital Government Initiative • Find what you need • Understand what you Find UMd & UNC www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/ Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think • Visual bandwidth is enormous Human perceptual skills are remarkable Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... Color, size, shape, proximity... Human image storage is fast and vast • Opportunities Spatial layouts & coordination Information visualization Scientific visualization & simulation Telepresence & augmented reality Virtual environments Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry Current Research - TimeSearcher • Time series Stocks Weather Genes • User-specified patterns • Rapid search Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man • Combined science & art • Integrated engineering & esthetics • Balanced technology advances & human values • Merged visionary & practical Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing 1) Usable: Ending User Frustration • Goal - make computer usage less frustrating • Identify top ten frustrations • Measure severity & frequency in lost time • Determine if the situation is improving • Related areas • Errors • Time delays • Emotional reactions 1) Frequent frustrating experiences Networking & Web 1) Frequent frustrating experiences Application & System Crashes 1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (64 UMD & 47 Towson) • Pre-session survey: • demographic information • computer experience and attitudes • level of computer anxiety, mood • Users spent 1 hour & report their frustrating experiences • Post-session survey: • assess mood after the session • overall frustration level • loss of time www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing 1) Results Internet Applications Operating System timed out/dropped/ refused connections (32) error messages (35) crashes (16) long download time (23) freezes (24) wrong response (10) web page/site not found (17) missing/ hard to find features (23) slow response (8) email (15) crashes (13) unexpected message boxes (6) Frustration scale 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1) Minutes lost – UMD & Towson Total minutes lost: 4250 UMD 902 877 568 3652 Towson 294 353 Total minutes: 9485 1513 Email OS Web browsing Other minutes lost Productive minutes 7968 1) Next Steps • Validate results with other users • professional • elderly • novice • Develop more precise monitoring software e.g. www.bugtoaster.com • Explore ways to improve: • • • • Online help & help desks Customer service & online communities Education & training Software & interface re-design 2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment 100 90 Sept. 2001 80 Aug. 2000 P e rc e nt 70 D ec. 1998 60 O ct. 1997 50 40 30 20 10 0 High School Some C ollege Less Than High School D iploma / G ED Bachelors D egree Beyond Bachelors D egree U.S. Department of Commerce www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/ 2) Universal Usability in Practice www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/ 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment • User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. • Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access • Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000 3) Useful: Generative Theories Predictive & explanatory theories are useful, but the big step forward will be generative theories Theories of human needs to guide our invention of new technologies 3) Theories of Human Needs • Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness • Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear • Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs • • • • • Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-Actualization • Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy 3) Human Needs for Relationships Relationships • Self: working on your own • Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates • Colleagues & Neighbors: 50-5000 acquaintances • Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more 3) Human Needs for Activities Activities • Collect: Information • Relate: Communication • Create: Innovation • Donate: Dissemination 3) Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Relationships Collect Relate Create Donate Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities? Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Relationships Collect Relate Create Donate Identicam PhotoDiary Family & Friends PhotoFinder Album sharing PhotoMesa StoryStarter Family photo history Colleagues & Neighbors PhotoFinder PhotoWall Kiosk Citizenry & Markets PhotoFinder Webstarter Self PhotoQuilt Photo sharing Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Relationships Self Collect Relate Medical log Colleagues & Neighbors InfoDoors Citizenry & Markets WebBushes WorldWide Med Donate Diary Find-aFriend Family & Friends Create MusicLists Family vacation history Send-a-Link GatherEmail Million Medical person diagnosis communities Tourist sharing 3) Future Directions • E-learning: The new education • E-business: The new commerce • E-healthcare: The new medicine • E-government: The new politics • Mega-creativity • Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing Getting to the Golden Age of Usability • Action Items • • • • • • • • Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods Web producers: Develop UU statements Managers: Provide responsible leadership Journalists: Raise public expectations Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements Funders: Expand research on usability Educators: Disseminate scientific results Researchers: Explore bold new visions Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 20th Anniversary – May 29-30, 2003 www.cs.umd.edu/hcil