Transcript 5th Annual Advocacy Project: ImmuneWise Section on Medical Students, Residents, and Fellowship Trainees 2009-2010

5th Annual Advocacy Project:
ImmuneWise
Section on Medical Students,
Residents, and Fellowship Trainees
2009-2010
VACCINES: A historical
perspective
Vaccines Timeline
• 1955: Jonas Salk’s inactivated
1950s polio vaccine is licensed
• Monovalent  then trivalent polio
1960s vaccines introduced
• 1964: ACIP holds its first meeting
Vaccines Timeline
1970s
• 1971:Routine smallpox vaccination
ceases
• 1979: Last reported case of natural polio
reported in the U.S.
1980s
• 1982: Hepatitis B vaccine becomes
available
• 1986: National Childhood Vaccine Injury
Act  no-fault compensation system
Vaccines Timeline
1990s
• 1989-1991: Major measles resurgence, 55,000 cases
reported; 2 dose vaccine recommended
• 1990: VAERS established, monitoring safety of vaccines
• 1990: Hib vaccine established
• 1991: Hep B vaccine recommended for all infants
• 1995: 1st vaccination schedule recommended by ACIP, AAFP
and AAP is published
• 1995: Varicella and Hep A vaccines licensed
• 1996: Acellular Pertussis vaccine licensed for use in infants
• 1998: 1st Rotavirus vaccine licensed  withdrawn from
market in 1999 due to adverse events
• 1999: FDA recommends removing mercury from all vaccines
Vaccines Timeline
2000s
• 2003: Measles no longer endemic in the US
• 2003: 1st live attenuated Influenza vaccine
approved for use in 5-49 years of age
• 2004: Inactivated Influenza vaccine
recommended for children 6-23 mo of age
• 2005: Rubella no longer endemic in US
• 2005: Meningococcal conjugate vaccine
licensed
• 2006: HPV and Rotavirus vaccines licensed
IMPACT OF VACCINES IN
THE United States
Impact of Vaccines in the
US
Disease
Baseline 20th
Century Annual
Cases
2006 Cases
Percent Decrease
Measles
Diphtheria
Mumps
Pertussis
Smallpox
Rubella
503,282
175,885
152,209
147,271
48,164
47,745
55
0
6,584
15,632
0
11
99.9%
100%
95.7%
89.4%
100%
99.9%
Haemophilus
influenzae type b,
invasive
20,000
29
99.9%
Polio
Tetanus
16,316
1,314
0
41
100%
96.9%
Credit: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4/2/99, 3/21/08
A LOOK AT GLOBAL
VACCINATION
Global Vaccination
Coverage, 2007
Vaccine
Number of
countries in which
vaccine is in use
Estimated global
coverage (if
available)
Hepatitis B
171
65%
Hib
115
26%
Rubella
126
--
Mumps
114
--
Maternal and
Neonatal Tetanus
(MNT)
92
70%
Pneumococcal
20
--
Rotavirus
13
--
HPV
10
--
Yellow Fever
33 (out of 44 at-risk
countries)
--
Source: World Health Organization, “Global Immunization Data, January 2009.”
Measles
Pertussis
Global Vaccination Rates a few examples
International Mortality Vaccinepreventable disease
• In 2002, WHO
estimated that 1.4
million of the deaths
among children < 5
years old were due to
diseases that could
have been prevented
by routine vaccination
• 14% of total global
mortality in children
< 5 years of age
A PERSONAL EXAMPLE
Impact of Vaccine-preventable
disease
• Heather Whitestone,
named Miss America
in 1994
• Became deaf at 18
months of age after
contracting Hib
meningitis