Immunizations

Transcript Immunizations - Salem State University

Donna Hills APN EdD Ball & Bindler

National Goals

• • • Reducing number of preventable diseases is a major national goal in Healthy People 2010 Eliminate: rubella, cong. rubella synd., diptheria, Haemophilus influenza b, measles, mumps, polio and tetanus.

Reduce: pertussis, hepatitis b, varicella, food-borne pathogens, and HIV infection.

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Purpose of a Vaccine

to stimulate active immunity by provoking a response from the person’s immune system requires B cells (and T cells) to spring into action create a memory within the immune system exposure to active disease will stimulate a specific immune response

Vulnerability of Newborns and Infants • • • • Immune systems not fully mature Passive acquired immunity from maternal antibodies provides limited and short-term protection Disease protection thru immuniz is incomplete.

Poor hygiene behaviors in young children.

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Characteristics of a Vaccine

inactivated (killed) antigen: Flu shot, Hep. A live attenuated (weakened) antigen: MMR, Varicella synthetic (laboratory synthesized) microbial materials:Toxoids DTaP conjugate vaccines use outer coats of the bacteria: Hib, PCV recombinant vaccines use the virus genetic material: Hep B

Side Effects: Vaccine specific.

• • • • • low grade fever soreness at site body aches x 24 hrs minor side effects are preferable to the disease.

(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: NIH, 1998).

True Contraindications to all Vaccines

• • • Serious allergic reaction, ie.anaphylaxis after a previous vaccine dose Serious allergic reaction, ie. anaphylaxis to a vaccine component Moderate to severe illness

• • • Specific Contraindications for Individual Vaccines IPV: severe allergic reaction to neomycin, streptomycin or polymyxin B.

DTaP: seizure, encephalopathy, fever >105o with previous DTaP Varicella & MMR: severe allergic reaction to gelatin, neomycin, pregnant women, immunosuppressed individuals, treated with steroids for >2wks., have cancer or under going cancer treatment.

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Specific Contraindications (cont.)

HIB: children less than 6 wks of age.

Hep.B: severe allergic reaction to Baker;s yeast (used in bread).

• • • • • Adverse Reactions High fever Behavior changes Seizures Allergic reaction:diffic. Breathing, weakness, hoarseness, wheezing, rapid heart rate, hives, dizziness, paleness, or mucus membrane swelling.

Reported by parent and/or provider using a Vaers form from the CDC.

• • • • • • Misconceptions about Vaccines Diseases disappeared before vaccines were introduced Most people who get sick have been vaccinated Many vaccines cause serious adverse events Vaccines cause illness and deaths.

Vaccine-preventable diseases are rare Multiple vaccinations overload the immune sx.

Misconceptions about Vaccines cont.

• • Children with a mild illness can’t be immunized Concurrent multiple vaccinations shouldn’t be given

• • • Vaccine Truths Vaccines are one of the most important public health achievements • • • Public concern about vaccines is pervasive Fear of vaccines can lead to public harm Vaccines are not 100% safe Parents want what is best for their children The public has little understanding of the vaccine development process

Vaccine Truths continued

• • • • • Risk perception is critical There are anti-vaccine champions Questions remain The decision not to vaccinate is an active decision to accept the risk of the disease.

(Marshall, G. 2003).

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Thimerisol and Autism

Ethylmercury: mercury in sufficient doses is neurotoxic, and more toxic to the immature brain.

Studies have failed to conclude a causative relationship between thimerisol and autism previously used as a preservative in the HIB, HepB, DTaP.

Thimerisol and Autism (cont.)

• • Removed as of July 1999 as prudent action to reduce mercury exposure to infants;not because a causal relationship was determined.

Still remains in the Influenza A vaccine and meningococcal, but greatest concern is exposure in infancy.