Transcript Consortia for E-Journals: Services, Models and Issues I.R.N. Goudar Head, ICAST Information Centre for Aerospace Science and Technology National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore – 560 017 E-Mail:

Consortia for E-Journals: Services, Models and Issues
I.R.N. Goudar
Head, ICAST
Information Centre for Aerospace Science and Technology
National Aerospace Laboratories
Bangalore – 560 017
E-Mail: [email protected]
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Features of an Ideal E-Journal
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Full text
Back issues- Pre-web +
PDF files
HTML files
Advanced search features
References linked to full
text and related articles
Additional colour possible
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Expanded papersaccess to raw data
Graphics, video and
sound, if required
Comprehensive help
Alerting
Usage statistics for
librarians
Refereed, but quick
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Expectations of Customers
Readers
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Authors
Enhanced content
 critical mass
 multimedia, more colour,
additional data
Enhanced functionality
 powerful search, alerting
Seamless access
 ubiquitous access to past
and present
Powerful links
 abstracts to full text
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Quality imprint
 journal brand
 stamp of authority
 improved visibility
Better author service
 responsiveness
 faster publication time
 web-submissions, web
peer review
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E-Journals: Major Players
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Primary publishers
 Aggregators
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Vendors
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Subscription agents
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Document delivery agencies
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E-print systems
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E-Journal Models
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E- journal continues to coexist with its print version.
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E-journal replaces its print version.
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E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist
with print.
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Print version plus abridged e-version
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E-journal only.
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E-journal with a facility supply individual articles.
Delayed e-version than its print equivalent.
 E-version first and then print.
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Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version
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First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest
 Article
processing costs very high
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Refereeing costs
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High marketing and admin costs
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Low physical distribution costs
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Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version
Existing Print Costs + New costs:
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Content delivery infrastructure
Software, hardware & ISP
Customer support
Access control
New human resource: Production, IT
Marketing costs
New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols
Meta-data costs
Low distribution costs
Service costs
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Experiences of Publishers
Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only
 Parallel publishing environment
 Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies
 Protection of current revenue
 Closer to the market (community feedback)
 Guarantee of new subscriptions?
 VAT
 Consistency with consortia overseas
 Challenges traditional pricing & ‘selling’ of
information
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Consortia
Consortia
a Strategic
Alliance
Consortia
is aisStrategic
Alliance
of of
Institutions that
that have
have Common
Common Interests.
Interests.
Institutions
So….There is a need for striking the balance between
cooperation and competition both among libraries and
among publishers. Both publishers and libraries should
look for affordable and sustainable economic models based
on values.
This is where Consortia can play a major play.
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Consortia Challenges
Access control and portals
 New price models
 Transition to e-only
 Perpetual access
 Archiving
 Tight budgets
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Consortia Goals
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Increase the access base
More e-Journals
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Rational utilization of funds
A little more pays a lot
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Ensure the continuous subscription
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Qualitative resource sharing
Effective document delivery service
 Avoid
price plus models
Pay for up-front products not for R&D
Continue…
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…Continued
Consortia Goals
Improved infrastructure
 Enhanced image of the library
Visibility for smaller libraries
 Improve existing library services
Boosting professional image
 Harness developments in IT
Facilitate building digital libraries
 Cost sharing for technical and training support
Access from desktops of users
 Increase user base
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Consortia Models
Participants Oriented Models
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Geographical location linked
Ex: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group
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Libraries in the same discipline
Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group
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Libraries belonging to the same parent
organization
Ex: - CSIR LICs
 Libraries of academic organizations
Ex: - INFLIBNET
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Consortia Models
Purpose Oriented Models
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Consortia for accessing electronic journals
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Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection
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Consortia for training and library workshops
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Consortia Models
Client Oriented Models
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Clients according to their age
Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen
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Clients according to their interest
Ex: - sports, game
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Clients according to their educational background
Ex: - Technical, Professional
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Price Influencing Factors
Quantum of business
 Number of consortia members
 Types of institutions
 Contract period
 Number of IP enabled nodes
 Number of campuses
 Value added services
 Rights to archive
 Perpetual access
 Training facilities
 Multi year agreement
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Pricing Models: Some Facts
No universally acceptable E-journals
Pricing and Licensing Models
 Varies from publishers to publishers
 Varies from same publishers to different
customers
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Ongoing experimentation
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Negotiation possible
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Charge for content
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Delivery format optional
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Increasingly will be based on usage
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Pricing Models in Operation
 Bundled – Free with print
AIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley
 Print as base + surcharge on electronic
Premium payments range from 10-25%
ACS, OSA
 Electronic only
Small increase - ACS
Same price - OSA
Discount from print AIP, AMS
 Totally unbundled – No discount for both
JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y)
 Free e-version only
Charge for print if required
British Medical Journal
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Pricing Models in Operation
…Continued
 Membership/Community Fee
 Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt. Funding
 Authors funded – Page charges
 Usage based pricing
- Concurrent users
- Site population, Based on FTE
 All
titles of publishers with print optional
 Subject clusters
 Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from
single/multiple collection
 Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts
 Free completely – Differently funded
 Extra fee for software
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…Continued
Pricing Models in Operation
Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive
Extra for value added services
Consortium discount
Number of sites
 Consortium surcharge
Access to all consortia titles
All titles of publisher
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Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view
 Slice and dice pricing
– Single article sales
– Deposit accounts
– Article bundles
– Current and archive subscriptions
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A Lot More for a Little Extra
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Access to all titles of publishers for little surcharge
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Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap
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Users happy – Wider access
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Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater
visibility of titles
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But what about non-major publishers?
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Discount on multiple print copies
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Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences
Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals
 Quick and Simplified Negotiations
 Single offers cannot meet all needs
 Pricing options desirable
 Extended electronic access desirable
 Unresolved terms and conditions
 Publishers are experimenting with pricing
 Clarity on VAT
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Continue…
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…Continued
Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences
Regional, State, National consortia can be influential
 Option for unbundling electronic from print
 Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers
 Price alone is not the only factor
 Standardised licensing
 Clear archiving policy
 Price including back files
 Capped annual inflation
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Consortia Values
Libraries Vs Publishers
Libraries
Usefulness
 Members driven
 Lower price
 Full text access
 Expert vs. Student
 Accessing Internet resources
 Combined purchasing power
 Simplify purchase procedure
 Distribute financial and other
risk
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Publishers
Pricing/Education
 Usage Reporting, Interface
options
 Linking/Delivery
 Indexing/Filtering
 Gain credibility with libraries
 Protection of current revenue
 Single point payment
 Increased marketing/ Uncertain
new subscription
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Continue…
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Consortia Values
Libraries Vs Publishers
Libraries
Publishers
Increase participation of
members
 No storage & documentation
problem
 Instant Access
 Quality of services
 Free flow of information
 Sharing – ideas, information
 Contribution – time, resources
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Reduced cost of production
 Reduced surcharges like
mailing
 Less extra efforts and
expenditure for new customers
 Get consortium tool
o Gather library information
o Invoice libraries
o Products support
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Innovative Initiatives
Academic self publishing
Journal of High Energy Physics - SISSA
e-prints (see arXiv.org)
Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
 Library initiatives
HighWire Press - U Stanford Library
 ‘Digital’ Press
Ingenta, HighWire
 Government-funded initiatives
PubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL)
 Archival approaches
JSTOR
 Creating online communities, portals
ChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb
 Journal deconstruction
‘Virtual’ Journals
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E-prints Archives
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Initially started as Physics E-Print Archive
(www.arxiv.org)
- hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently
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moved to Cornell University
- supported by academic, government funding
Free at point of use, very popular
>265,000 submissions since launch in August 1991
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>3500 monthly submissions
Usage: 1 to 1.5 connections daily
Subject Covered: Physics, Mathematics, Non-linear
Continue…
Science, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology.
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…Continued
E-prints Archives
CERN Document Server (http://cdsweb.cern.ch/)
 Over 650,000 bibliographic records, including 320,000 full text
documents
 Particle physics and related areas
 Preprints, articles, books, journals, photographs
Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive mp_arc
(http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mp_arc/mp_arc-home.html)
 mp_arc is an electronic archive from 1991-present
 Mathematical Physics and related areas.
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Pricing Models: Issues
 Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility.
Pricing should be market- based not formulaic.
 Senior scientists/ librarians may resistant to the transition
from print to electronic.
 Small publishers like professional societies not
enthusiastic about consortia pricing.
 Publisher – Customer disconnect
 Subscription/site vs. transactional choices
 Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print
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Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print
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Trends in Pricing Models
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Increasing in numbers offer electronic-only journals
Virtual Journals
Continued experimentation of models
More publishers to offer consortia pricing
More subject specific packages
Price decreasing
More will offer pay-per-view/transactional allowance
Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price
Choice of format and added functionality
Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity)
Ongoing access to core and occasional to peripheral
material
The increasing archive will have a price on it
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Strong Links make Strong Consortia
Geographical
Coverage
Funding
Mission
Programs
Strategic
Consortia
Issues
Tactical
Payment
Practical
Staffing
Service
Technology
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Types
Governance
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Indian Consortia Initiatives
 INDEST (IISc, IITs, IIMs, …..)…MHRD
Consortia of IIMs
 CSIR Consortia
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RGUHS: HELINET
 FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and
Astrophysics)
 ICICI- Knowledge Park
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ISRO Initiative
 INFLIBNET Initiative
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Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries
 Lack of awareness about consortia benefits
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Slow acceptance of e-information by the users.
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Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians
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Maintenance and balancing both physical and DL
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Inadequate funds
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Single point payment
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Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules
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Problems of defining asset against payment
Continue…
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…Continued
Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries
 Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable
Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources.
 Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources
 Unreliable telecom links and insufficient bandwidth
( But lot of developments in pipeline)
 Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools
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Lack of trained personnel for new technologies
 Absence of strong professional association
 Big brother attitude
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To Conclude…..
We need to develop:
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More workable models
Models that can be understood
Models affordable by libraries
Models sustainable by publishers
and Identify pricing incentives
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