Transcript Wind Energy in the Southeast Dennis Scanlin Appalachian State University www.wind.appstate.edu Presentation to: Southeast Green Power Summit Atlanta, Georgia December 3,2003

Wind Energy in the Southeast
Dennis Scanlin
Appalachian State University
www.wind.appstate.edu
Presentation to: Southeast
Green Power Summit
Atlanta, Georgia
December 3,2003
Sizes & Applications
Small (10 kW)
Homes
Farms
Remote Application
Intermediate
(10-250 kW)
Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed Power
Large (660 kW - 2+MW)
Central Station Wind Farms
Distributed Power
Community Wind
World Growth
Total Installed Wind Capacity
40000
35000
Capacity (MW)
30000
25000
20000
1. Germany: 14000 MW
2. United States: 6374 MW
3. Spain: 5780 MW
4. Denmark: 3094 MW
5. India: 1900 MW
15000
10000
World total 2003: 37220 MW
5000
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
0
United States
Source: WindPower Monthly
Europe
Rest of World
Drivers for Wind Power
• Declining Wind Costs
• Fuel Price Uncertainty
• Federal and State
Policies
• Economic
Development
• Green Power
• Energy Security
Benefits
•
•
•
•
•
5 million KWH/yr
500 homes
$500,000/yr green power
7.5 million lbs CO2/yr
8.3 tons NOX/yr
Reliability of Wind Turbines
100
% Available
80
60
40
20
0
1981
'83
'85
'90
'98 Year
Capacity & Cost Trends
100
90
80
70
6000
5000
4000
60
50
40
30
3000
2000
20
10
1000
0
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
0
2004
*Year 2000 dollars
Increased Turbine Size - R&D Advances - Manufacturing Improvements
Capacity (MW)
Cost of Energy (cents/kWh*)
Cost of Energy and Cumulative Domestic Capacity
Low Cost Electricity
Wind Energy Cost Competitiveness
¢/kWh
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
12.8
Value of
PTC
8.2
4.2
Source: BTM Consult
4.2
5.0
5.2
8.7
Average Wind Velocity & Cost/KWH
• Locations with
higher average
wind speeds
will produce
electricity for
less
Location and Percentage of High Quality Wind
Resources in the US
Class 6 (4.3%)
Class 5 (6.3%)
Class 4 & above 27.5%
North Carolina Wind Map
Ashe & Watauga County Wind Classes
Land Areas of Wind Power Classes
in 24 Western NC Counties
Class @
50m
Power Density
(W/m2)
Area (acres)
Percentage of
Total
1-
< 100
3,889,086
59.32
1+
(100, 200]
1,895,923
28.92
2
(200, 300]
473,175
7.22
3
(300, 400]
159,767
2.44
4
(400, 500]
68,013
1.04
5
(500, 600]
30,374
0.46
6
(600, 800]
24,275
0.37
7
> 800
15,419
0.24
>= 2
(200, > 800]
771,024
11.76
>= 4
(400, > 800]
138,000
2.1
Wind Resource Analysis by County (acres)
Top 5 Counties in Western NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2-7
4-7
Haywood
99484
36769
19294
9360
4576
5120
3242
78361
22298
Watauga
93356
47809
14302
5396
2303
1729
939
72480
10368
Buncombe
191061 33596
13976
6592
3182
2688
2668
62705
15132
Ashe
184824 40000
9162
4190
1877
1877
1166
58277
9113
Avery
79528
9281
4210
2352
1739
1107
46495
9409
27804
County Wind Maps for Western NC
True Wind Map Combined With:
 Road data
 Digital elevation models
 Public lands
 Appalachian Trail
 Town boundaries
 Utility grid
 Tax parcel maps
www.wind.appstate.edu
North Carolina Coastal Resources
Number of Turbines in Class 4/5 Sites @ 80m to produce:
10% Blue Ridge Electric
10 % Mt. Electric
10% NC
18
10
2400
Small Residential
Scale Turbines could
power
1 -3 houses
(3,000 – 30,000 WWH/yr)
Issues
for Wind
Energy
Issues
for Wind
• Legal
– “ridge law”
– park/forest restrictions
• Visual Impacts
• Attitudes towards Wind
• Avian Impacts
• Indirect negative economic
impacts
– real estate values
Mountain Ridge Protection Act of 1983
• “No building, structure or unit shall
protrude at its uppermost point above the
crest of the ridge by more than 35’
Exemptions to Ridge Law
• Water, radio, telephone or television
towers or any equipment for the
transmission of electricity or
communications or both
• Structures of a relatively slender nature
and minor vertical projections of a parent
building, including chimneys, flagpoles,
flues, spires, steeples, belfries, cupolas,
antennas, poles, wires, or windmills
NC Attorney General’s
2/4/2002 letter to TVA
• “The Legislature in 1983 had in mind, the
traditional, solitary farm windmill which has
long been in use in rural communities, not
windfarm turbines of the size, type, or
certainly number proposed here…”
Boone, NC 2MW Mod-1 Turbine: 1979 - 1983
Public Lands and Wind
Resources in North Carolina
35% of land area with class 2 or higher
46% of land area with class 4 or higher
Public Lands in North Carolina
Land Ownership
Cherokee
Corps Engineers
National Park
National Forest
State PArk
TVA
Other
Visual Impacts
10 Turbines from 6 miles away
Attitudes
• 2002 Western NC Survey found:
– 75% indicating they wanted more wind power
– 63.5% support for turbines on ridge tops, 19%
against
– 79% for single turbines, 9% against
– 57.3% supported clusters of 10 or more
turbines on ridge tops, 27.5% against
– 66% supported turbines near their home, 21%
against
Avian Issues
• Perspective
• Pre and post construction assessment routine
–
–
–
–
–
How many birds use proposed site?
What kinds of birds use the proposed site?
How is usage related to time of year/day?
Are there species of special concern present?
Does development have potential to impact species
of high priority?
– Can research identify impacts and develop mitigation
strategies prior to construction?
Wind Activities
1) Wind Resource Assessment
a. NC State Wind Map
b. Anemometer loan program
c. TVA wind assessment work
d. NC Wind Energy Assessment Projects
2) Education
a. Small Wind Workshops at ASU and Solar Center
b. Wind Summit in Boone, NC
c. Anemometer loan program
3) Wind Working Group
4) Economic impact analyses
5) Environmental and Avian Impact analyses
6) Legal/Permitting Issues
7) Attitudinal surveys
8)
Web Site: http://www.ncwindpower.appstate.edu/
In conclusion:
Good wind resources in mountains and along coastal areas in all
southeastern states, although not widespread,
 Technology is available, reliable and economical,
 Majority seem to support wind energy, although significant
opposition exists,
 significant barriers/ concerns,
 more possibilities for small wind