Transcript Wind Energy www.wind.appstate.edu Sizes and Applications Small (10 kW) • Homes (Grid connected) • Farms • Remote Applications (e.g.

Wind Energy
www.wind.appstate.edu
Sizes and
Applications
Small (10 kW)
• Homes (Grid
connected)
• Farms
• Remote Applications
(e.g. battery changing,
water pumping,
telecom sites,
icemaking)
Intermediate
(10-500 kW)
• Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power
Large (500 kW – 6 MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Offshore Wind Generation
Stations
World Growth Market
Total Installed Wind
Capacity
40000
1. Germany: 14000 MW
2. United States: 6374 MW
3. Spain: 5780 MW
4. Denmark: 3094 MW
5. India: 1900 MW
35000
Capacity (MW)
30000
25000
20000
15000
World total 2003: 37220 MW
10000
5000
United States
Source: WindPower Monthly
Europe
Rest of World
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
0
Capacity & Cost Trends
100
90
80
70
6000
5000
4000
60
50
40
30
3000
2000
20
10
0
1980
1000
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
0
2004
*Year 2000 dollars
Increased Turbine Size - R&D Advances - Manufacturing Improvements
Capacity (MW)
Cost of Energy (cents/kWh*)
Cost of Energy and Cumulative Domestic Capacity
Drivers for Wind Power
Declining Wind Costs
Fuel Price Uncertainty
Federal and State
Policies
Economic
Development
Green Power
Energy Security
Net Metering By State
25 kW
25 kW
15/150 kW
50 kW
100 kW
40 kW
25 kW
10/400 kW
PV Only
20 kW
20
kW
25/100 kW
25 kW
No Limit
30 kW
25 kW
10/25 kW
10 kW
100 kW,
25,000
kWh/y
50 kW
10 kW
10/500
kW
100 kW
100 kW
25 kW
80 kW
Solar Only
25/100
kW
25/
100 kW
60 kW
25 kW
1,000 No
40 kW kWh/ Limit
mo
1 MW
10 kW
100 kW
10/100
kW
PV
Only
50 kW
Monthly Net Metering
Annual Net Metering
Varies by Utility or Unknown
None
Revised: 9Jul04
Individual Utilities
Investor-Owned Utilities Only, Not Rural Cooperatives
Investor-Owned Utilities and Rural Cooperatives
Benefits
•
•
•
•
•
5 million KWH/yr
500 homes
$500,000/yr green power
7.5 million lbs CO2/yr
8.3 tons NOX/yr
Economic Development Impacts
Land Lease Payments: 2-3% of gross
revenue $2500-4000/MW/year
Local property tax revenue: 100 MW brings
in on the order of $1 million/yr
1-2 jobs/MW during construction
2-5 permanent O&M jobs per 50-100 MW,
Local construction and service industry:
concrete, towers usually done locally
Manufacturing and Assembly plants
expanding in U.S. (Micon in IL, LM Glasfiber
in ND)
Reliability of Wind Turbines
100
% Available
80
60
40
20
0
1981
'83
'85
'90
'98 Year
Location and Percentage of High Quality Wind
Resources in the US
Class 6 (4.3%)
Class 5 (6.3%)
Class 4 & above 27.5%
North Carolina Wind Map
Ashe & Watauga County Wind Classes
Land Areas of Wind Power Classes
in 24 Western NC Counties
Class @
50m
Power Density
(W/m2)
Area (acres)
Percentage of
Total
1-
< 100
3,889,086
59.32
1+
(100, 200]
1,895,923
28.92
2
(200, 300]
473,175
7.22
3
(300, 400]
159,767
2.44
4
(400, 500]
68,013
1.04
5
(500, 600]
30,374
0.46
6
(600, 800]
24,275
0.37
7
> 800
15,419
0.24
>= 2
(200, > 800]
771,024
11.76
>= 4
(400, > 800]
138,000
2.1
Wind Resource Analysis by County (acres)
Top 5 Counties in Western NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2-7
4-7
Haywood
99484
36769
19294
9360
4576
5120
3242
78361
22298
Watauga
93356
47809
14302
5396
2303
1729
939
72480
10368
Buncombe
191061 33596
13976
6592
3182
2688
2668
62705
15132
Ashe
184824 40000
9162
4190
1877
1877
1166
58277
9113
Avery
79528
9281
4210
2352
1739
1107
46495
9409
27804
County Wind Maps for Western NC
True Wind Map Combined With:
 Road data
 Digital elevation models
 Public lands
 Appalachian Trail
 Town boundaries
 Utility grid
 Tax parcel maps
www.wind.appstate.edu
North Carolina Coastal Resources
Wind Monitoring Activities
Number of Turbines in Class 4/5 Sites @ 80m to produce:
10% Blue Ridge Electric
10 % Mt. Electric
10% NC
18
10
2400
Small Residential
Scale Turbines could
power
1 - 6 houses
(3,000 – 60,000 WWH/yr)
Small Wind Initiative
Issues
for Wind
Energy
Issues
for Wind
Legal

“ridge law”

park/forest restrictions
Visual Impacts
Attitudes towards Wind
Avian Impacts
Indirect negative economic
impacts

real estate values
Wind Activities
1) Wind Resource Assessment
a. NC State Wind Map
b. Anemometer loan program
c. TVA wind assessment work
d. NC Wind Energy Assessment Projects
2) Education
a. Small Wind Workshops at ASU and Solar Center
b. Wind Summit in Boone, NC
c. Anemometer loan program
d. Small Wind Initiative
3) Wind Working Group
4) Economic impact analyses
5) Environmental and Avian Impact analyses
6) Legal/Permitting Issues
7) Attitudinal surveys
8)
Web Site: http://www.wind.appstate.edu/
In conclusion:
Good wind resources in mountains and along coastal areas in all
southeastern states, although not widespread,
 Technology is available, reliable and economical,
 Majority seem to support wind energy, although significant
opposition exists,
 significant barriers/ concerns,
 more possibilities for small wind