Telepresence for the Teleworkplace: Living-in versus visiting Cyberspace… Making Telepresence a Reality Gordon Bell ([email protected]) Bay Area Research Center Microsoft Research http://www.research.microsoft.com/users/gbell Telework.
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Telepresence for the Teleworkplace: Living-in versus visiting Cyberspace… Making Telepresence a Reality Gordon Bell ([email protected]) Bay Area Research Center Microsoft Research http://www.research.microsoft.com/users/gbell Telework Telework “Therapy from long distance debated” - SJ Mercury 5 April 1998 http://www.sjmercury.com/breaking/headline1/056580.htm Telework Multi-media Media Machine CyberAll encoding everybit Some tele-tales Millibill: Tele-art, rides, performance, interactive Paperlessness Intrastructure television??? & support Administrivia Telepresence (comoho*) Telepresentations Tele-x e.g. telemedicine, Distributed design THE WORK: Telework & work Telemeetings Teleconferencing Telelearning *Commercial, mobile and home office Telecollaboration “presence” audio eye-tracking gaze avatars Mechanisms (how) Synchronous The Space of Telepresence for work ICQ, Internet phone & phone conf. RealAudio & simple graphics Workspace for remote program control Whiteboard (groups) ... Videophone Remote Rover (Robot Videophone) email Formal presentations sans video Asynchronous ... Voice & Videomail Video lectures & courses Telework In a decade we can/will have: More powerful personal computers – processing 10-100x – 4x resolution (2K x 2K); – Very large displays… everywhere… to be ever anywhere telepresent – storage of one terabyte Additional small e.g. palm, camera, watch “platforms” to hold a plethora of evolving software adequate networking???? – ubiquitous access = today’s fast LANs – Mobility according to standards and plans One chip, networked platforms including light bulbs, cameras everywhere, etc. more cyberization… the challenge… interfacing platforms and people. Telework UMTS 2Mbps The evolution of 2.0 wireless data standards 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0 EDGE 384kbps GPRS 115kbps HSCSD Circuit data 57.6kbps <9.6kbps 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Telework 2002 Telework Living in Cyberspace: the environment for telepresence / telework Telework Telemeeting clone Telework Telework clones… being in more than one place at the same time Telework Intrastructure Telework SOHO (small office, home office) network computing environment POTS (legacy services) IP Dial tone (Internet, phone, videophone) >1.5 Mbps NT Server for: comm/network, POTS/IP gateway, file, print, compute LAN PC Phone ... PC Phone ... NC* Phone *NC, NetPC, Xterm, etc. Telework Libretto, .5mm Not shown: ECG; PCS; Pilot GPS; Compass; altimeter Libretto PS, Ricoh Camera; Swiss Army Knife Telework Audio, pix, T, P, ECG, location, physiological parameters… 1 GB Telework Telepresentations: The 2nd killer app? Telework Telepresentations “Being There (e.g. meeting, lecture, confererene) Without Really Being There (or Then)” Presenter or audience need not be physically present Reach a wider audience “I have a schedule conflict.” Anybody with a web connection can participate Reduce costs No need to travel to attend or participate in a presentation Education & training, corporate Telework communication Telework Telepresentation Elements Slides Audio Video Script, text comments, hyperlinks, etc. Telework Telework Telepresentations will be a well-defined app by 2001. ACM97 was the first telepresented conference with Mbone multicast & servers that host the conference cf. http://www.research.microsoft.com/acm97 Bet: More people will view the conference from Cyberspace than that attended it. Big question: will telepresentation technology AKA tele-learning affect learning and education? Telework Telecollaboration… The next “killer tele-app”?? Or just a tremendous challenge interacting to achieve a common objective … basically, its communications enabling or disabling people Telework Perspective Don’t believe in “collaboration” as much as just plain communication. The next killer app is tele-meetings AKA “videoconferencing” Interested in desktop 1:1 up to 1:6 (larger numbers turns into presentations with floor control) Telework “ By April 1, 2001 videophones will ship in 50% of the PCs and be in use. ” Gordon Bell vs Jim Gray 1996 (one paper, loser gets fed) Telework Conference Rooms with Teleconferencing Telework Telework Telework: It takes screens, sound, and bandwidth, stupid Telework http://research.microsoft.com/barc/GBell/ Limits of Computer Supported Collaborative Work -- CSCW We don’t understand collaboration We do it for limited domains e.g. chip design, some software, 777s if task is partitionable “One person has the mouse” problem Camera is important NOT for communication, but and to keep & force (hold) attention plus communicating a few cues (did they “get it”), Parallel processing & single threading of tasks… a better model of the problem Limited task parallelism e.g. presentations Brook’s Law matters! Telework How to Fail at Videoconferencing Lack of ubiquity: it must obey Metcalfe’s Law Call set up: hard, time-consuming, requires training Small screens, lack of spatiality, destroy visual cues No gaze awareness, limit screen area; only 2-D figures or avatars Audio: high latency and poor quality Fail to overcome the adequacy of the phone: ubiquitous, no manuals or training, low latency, ok audio. Telework The targets: audio quality, 3-D in every sense, and gaze awareness Four steps to video-telephony enabling telemeetings Very low cost IP telephony becomes ubiquitous Evolve audio to provide spatial awareness aka stereo, quad, etc. Make recording easy to do that will enable meeting persistence and minutes Add multi-party Telework Gaze-corrected Videoconferencing Jim Gemmell Microsoft Bay Area Research Center Telework Videoconferencing: not looking into the camera Telework Not looking at camera: never eye contact Telework Looking into the camera: always eye-contact Telework More eye contact gets you: More job offers from interviews More help when you ask for it More powers of pursuasion Make you seem more: friendly, self-confident, natural, mature, sincere Telework Majic Telework ½ Silvered-mirror Telework Telework Conclusion Gaze awareness is important to videoconferencing Software-only technique Vision: more work to make it robust, faster Explore use of space with multi-party conferencing Great audio Telework Attending Several Simultaneous Meetings Telework But does anyone want telework? Telework A People Model: Who wants to telework? Spock formal (in writing) Analyticals.. being right, detailed email Drivers… results oriented broadcast - push megalomaniacs Self-control anal retentives informal (verbal) Amiables… consensus builders Expressives... want recognition, need contact Managing Interpersonal Relationships (MIR) 2D Model --------------chat---------------Sally Field spineless wimps Souter psychotics Evangelism Swaggert Telework The End Telework Outline Telepresence and Telework – Teleworking environment – Overhead: Support & Administrivia – The “work” Telepresence dimensions Telepresentations: the 2nd killer app! Telecollaboration: killer app to come? “The work” Is it for everyone? Telework What is Telepresence? Being there without really being there or then Injecting your presence into tele-space Being immersed in the tele-space Telework Telepresence Components Video Audio Slides, images, web pages Text chat Shared applications Whiteboards Voting, question taking Telework Time-shifting beats Space-shifting Gets around scheduling problems – World’s time zones! Lets me pause, rewind, browse, play at faster speeds Immortality Time-shifting requires STORAGE !!!Telework Today’s killer app : Telepresentations One-way mostly – Not meeting or collaboration settings – forget the network latencies and messy social issues Presenter and/or audience telepresent Slides and audio get you 99% and are bandwidth cheap Practical and low cost now Telework Telework = (cyber) work + telepresence … being there while being here, and at some other time. Goal: teleoffice/teleworkplace = workplace office The teleworkplace is ideally just a “remote office” W/O – Communication, computer, and network support! – Team interactions for work! CSCW is a “rat hole”! – Interaction at coffee, meeting rooms, … in offices – Administrative support for phones, information (especially paper) management, keeping track of Always on & always connected to intranet/intranet ...! Telecommunication aka phone & email -- the first, “killer apps” Telepresentations -- the 2nd “killer app” Tele-collaboration -- the “killer app” to come Telework Animatron... Telework Telework & communications dimensions •Who and how many are interacting? •What is the nature of the interaction? •Which professions? •Mechanisms: How are they interacting? Telework Telepresence: who and what WHO 1:1 person-person communication What view (troll) hallways, “seeking interaction” 1:1 interview, status report, etc. 1-6 videophone calls for 1:n-site broadcasting or (design, problem solving, Mbone narrowcasting authoring) distributed group. >2 - 5 - hold staff meetings with 1 or more members 10 - 100 distributed ---attend classes person-computer formal meetings (lectures, conferences, stockholder computer management (no meetings, town halls, persons) etc..) Telework n:m 2-site-site video conference Telepresence Mechanisms (for Work) Synchronous Internet phone & phone conferencing Internet Videophone RealAudio & Overhead graphics Shared applications Whiteboards CU SeeMe on POTS… IP Videophone Mbone Video conferencing Room Video conferencing Remote Rover (Robot Videophone) Asynchronous voice mail…STT email ... TTS Home pages replace bulletin boards, file transport, and document distribution Schedule & “Notes” Voice and Video “email” Telepresentations (meetings, presentations, & courses) Telework Voice and Visual Alternatives (in order of increasing B/W) Voice* TTS (synthetic or speaker driven) 4 Kb-64 Kb codec of real voice Stereo of real voice Stereo with sound source identification Projection into arbitrary virtual world environment *variable speed Visual AKA Video* Text avatar (simple… photo) Avatar with voice sync Avatar of real person Video codec based projection – “Postage stamp” … POTS – “Mailing label” … ISDN or 2x POTS – Compressed VHS (200 Kbps) – MPEG 2 (1- 4 Mbps) Speaker tracking, 1-n cameras VR image of a large space 3d images “holodeck” Animatron e.g. Barney Mobile Animatron Telework *Meeting in real or virtual world Alternative Computing Futures • Metropolis (1926) • Forbidden Planet (1956) • 2001 (1968) Telework Photos courtesy of Microsoft Cinemania Problems: socio vs technical Isolation & loneliness – need for communication/stimulation – chance meetings -- serendipity of ideas – loss of group/teamwork skills – danger of becoming “terminal” interruptions & focus lack of support staff to help, answer ?s supervision and ability to have 1:1 unclear that many people want it… they simply need the contact with people Telework Good News Bandwidth will come Audio and video compression is improving to live within POTS limit Videophones will be built-into all PCs within 5 years at 0 cost Telepresentations are here for “live” and “on demand” use This will change education! Telecollaboration tools work for Telework simple apps… and will improve Telepresence: 5, 10, … 50 year goals hold a meeting of type, m university or technical course interview, staff meeting, co-ordination, board meeting, annual meeting, “town hall”, with p, distributed persons with as much interactivity, I, and feeling, f such that people prefer being telepresent; and meetings are provably more productive meetings will evolve to be asynchronous versus traditional synchronous enabling full timeshifting so that people can be in two places at Telework the same time The End Telework