Transcript Global Media Communication Around The World Media Ideals Around The World Four Theories of the Press (1956): • written by Fred S.

Global Media
Communication
Around The World
Media Ideals Around The World
Four Theories of the Press (1956):
• written by Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson,
and Wilbur Schramm
• four major forms of international press:
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authoritarian
libertarian
Soviet/communist
social responsibility
Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the
Press:
• 1995 book written by John Nerone
• update of earlier four theories
• argued four theories were not a timeless set of
categories
• saw them as a critique set within a particular
time period
A fifth theory?
• development theory
• Authoritarian theory
• oldest theory of the press
• role of the press is to be a servant of the
government
• control of the press is carried out by:
• giving permits to only certain printers
• prosecuting anyone who violates
standards
• totalitarian governments (example in
the1990s: Serbian president Slobodan
Milosevic)
• Communist Theory
• press is run by the government to serve the
government’s own needs
• only one valid political and social philosophy
• proposes the following principles:
• The media are an instrument of the
government and the Communist Party.
• The media should be closely tied to other
sources of government power.
• The media’s main purpose is to act as a
tool for government propaganda.
• Libertarian Theory
• Press belongs to the people and serves as an independent
observer of the government.
• It follows the basic ideals of the First Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.
• It is based on the following principles:
• People want to know the truth and be guided by it.
• The only way to arrive at the truth is for ideas to be
freely and openly discussed.
• Different people will have different opinions, and
everyone must be allowed to develop their own.
• The most rational ideas will be the most accepted
• The functions of the press are to inform, entertain, and
advertise.
• Social Responsibility Theory
• while the press may be free from interference by the
government, it can still be controlled by corporate interests
• press obliged to serve several social functions:
• provide the news and information needed to make the
political system work
• give the public the information needed for selfgovernance
• serve as an overseer of the government
• serve the economic function of bringing together buyers
and sellers through advertising
• provide entertainment
• be profitable enough to avoid outside pressures.
Norms for the press in the twenty-first century
• development theory:
• addresses the special needs of emerging
nations
• governments may feel that they need to
restrict freedom of the press in order to
promote industry, national identity, and
partnerships with neighboring nations
Going Global—Media Standards
Around The World
• Alan Ward’s five dimensions of media
rating:
• control
• finance
• programming goals
• target audience
• feedback mechanism
Canada
free press patterned on the
United States
U.S. media tends to
overshadow Canadian;
Canadian radio must be at least
35 % domestic
broadcasting was
dominated by staterun monopolies up
until the 1980s.
public service and
cultural
preservation
priorities
Britain and BBC:
operates under a
public service
model
audience members
pay the cost of the
programming
(equipment
licensing fees)
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=C8Hr1z3w4hM
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Internet not as pervasive
increase in privately owned television stations
newspapers tend to take an obvious political view point
newspaper readership worldwide highest in Europe
• facing declines
Central and Latin America
• broadcasting
dominated by North
American, Mexican,
and Brazilian
programming
• fewer language
barriers than other
regions
• newspaper circulation
has been growing
• 1,000 papers,
100 million
readership
http://www.televisa.com/programas/
noticieros-y-analisis/
Islamic Countries and the Middle
East
• straddle the fence between
social responsibility and
authoritarian media control
• controls on journalists and
content
• Al Hayat and Al-Jazeera
• satellite and Internet and
“small media” allowing
bypass of control
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/USER/ALJAZEERAENGLISH?B
LEND=1&OB=4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPbamN4v2Mc
• Professor Kai Hafez’s
three types of press
in the Arab world:
• mobilized
• loyalist
• diverse
• The importance of “small” media
• fax machines, photocopy machines, video cameras, computers,
and the Internet
• provide for a range of voices
• Internet allows for wider expression
• size and availability make control difficult
• Television in the Islamic World
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heavy government control
varied availability
Saudi Arabian network (1960s)
little known about Saudi viewer habits
• 1995 survey—63 percent had access to satellite programming
• Al-Jazeera
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broadcast via satellite from Qatar since 1997
only 10 percent of all Arabs with satellite TV never watch it
committed to presenting an Arab view of the world
founded by Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani
started after failed Arabic-language BBC project
Africa
• prime example of
development media
theory
• early media covered
white settlers only
• newspapers found in
large cities
• circulation
limited by
poverty and
illiteracy
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=BxIAJQpVNc4
• radio is the most
important medium
• Television and
Internet limited
• no major newspapers
are published in
African languages
• more languages
spoken than any
other continent
South Africa
• South African Broadcasting
Corporation
• committee of lawyers and
media professionals
regulate the broadcast
industry
• seven different languages
• source of inspiration for
Western pop music
• township jive
• artists have recorded
with Western artists
Russia and the former Soviet
republics
• under communism, no ideal of an independent press
• control continues even after 1991 fall of Soviet
Union
• most media owned by private, pro-government
business people
• Moscow—twenty daily and weekly newspapers
Russia
• zakazukha—selling
articles to highest
bidder
• some papers supports
the boss’s political
agenda
• television is the most
important medium
• few can afford
newspapers
• http://www.artn.tv/
China
• role of the
media is to
promote public
policies
• all media are
controlled by
the
government
India
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=iDa0CKy1fTU
• 40 percent of India’s
households have
television sets
• 40 percent read
newspapers
• 120 million of 220
million households
have a radio
• newspapers are big
industry
• All India Radio (AIR)
dominant radio source
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=y7gH-HEiMJM
• Kenneth Petress on
Chinese media:
• “Propaganda is
not a dirty word
in China; it is a
respected
public service
profession
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x
7qj6yRcqXQ
• American policy
helped shape
Japanese media
after World War II
• NHK is Japan’s
public broadcasting
corporation
• Balance between
commercial and
public broadcasting
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9KHylRrwS
Q&feature=PlayList&p=9ACBC1879B0A0AD0&pla
ynext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=19
• manga, or comic
books, are the most
popular magazines:
• account for 40
percent of all
books and
magazines
• growing in
popularity in the
United States
Dangers to Journalists:
• Journalists face attacks,
kidnapping, and murder
to cover war zones.
• 2011 – 46 journalists
killed globally, 7 in
Pakistan
• Journalists also taken
hostage.
• Pakistan, Iraq, Libya,
Mexico and Brazil all
dangerous.
• Woodruff injured in 2006
Daniel Pearl
• Kidnapped and later
executed by
Pakistani militants
linked to Al Qaeda in
2002
• He was a journalist
with American and
Israeli citizenship
Bob Woodruff ABC News
• Marshall McLuhan’s
Global Village:
electronic media
help people live and
interact globally