The Interwar Period B-D-A Small Group Activity “Seat at the Table” Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace treaty and path for.
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The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 2
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 3
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 4
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 5
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 6
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 7
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 8
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 9
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 10
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 11
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 12
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 13
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 14
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 15
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 16
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 17
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 18
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 19
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 20
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 21
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 22
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 23
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 24
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 25
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 26
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 27
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 28
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 29
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 30
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 31
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 32
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 33
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 34
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 35
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 36
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 37
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 38
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 39
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 40
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 41
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 42
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 43
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 44
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 45
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 46
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 47
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 48
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 49
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 50
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 51
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 52
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 53
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 54
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 55
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 56
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 57
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 58
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 59
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 60
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 61
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 62
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 63
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 64
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 65
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 66
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 67
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 68
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 69
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 70
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 71
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 72
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 73
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 74
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 75
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 76
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 77
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 78
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 79
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 80
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 81
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 82
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 83
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 84
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 85
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 86
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 87
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 88
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 89
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 90
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 91
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 92
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 93
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 94
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 95
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 96
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 97
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 2
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 3
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 4
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 5
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 6
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 7
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 8
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 9
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 10
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 11
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 12
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 13
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 14
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 15
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 16
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 17
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 18
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 19
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 20
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 21
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 22
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 23
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 24
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 25
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 26
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 27
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 28
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 29
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 30
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 31
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 32
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 33
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 34
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 35
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 36
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 37
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 38
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 39
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 40
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 41
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 42
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 43
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 44
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 45
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 46
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 47
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 48
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 49
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 50
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 51
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 52
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 53
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 54
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 55
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 56
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 57
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 58
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 59
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 60
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 61
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 62
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 63
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 64
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 65
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 66
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 67
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 68
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 69
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 70
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 71
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 72
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 73
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 74
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 75
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 76
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 77
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 78
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 79
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 80
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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________________________________________________________
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 81
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 82
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 83
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 84
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 85
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 86
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 87
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 88
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 89
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 90
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 91
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 92
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 93
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 94
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
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Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
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What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
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The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
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Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 95
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
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What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
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Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 96
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
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The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment
Slide 97
The Interwar Period
B-D-A Small Group Activity
“Seat at the Table”
Working cooperatively, students will construct their own peace
treaty and path for reconciliation throughout Europe
Using poster board, each group will present their ideas to the class
The Impact of War
• Affected Europe and parts of the Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Left the civilization of Europe devastated
• Homes, factories, schools, railways, farms were destroyed
• Catastrophic loss of life
• Empires Collapsed
• German
• Austrian
• Russian
• Ottoman
The Impact of War
• World War I: European Turning Point
• Swept away many of the royal families and gave birth to both
democratic and undemocratic governments
TTYN: Can we consider the collapse of empires a turning point?
TTYN: Talk to your neighbor
The effects of war on Germany
• A war on two fronts or what the Schlieffen Plan was designed to
avoid.
TTYN: How effective was the Schlieffen Plan?
• What they got – four years of war on two fronts.
Germany: Before there was war
• Industrial Revolution…throughout Europe
• Profound divisions in German society were on the rise
• Workers were voting for socialist parties
Germany: During the war
• Mutual antipathy between the working classes, middle classes, and
aristocratic establishment
• What Changed:
•Nationalism – German people rally together to focus on the
enemies at Germany’s borders
• Burgfrieden – ‘Peace within the fortress’
TTYN: Explain what ‘Peace within the fortress’ means
“I know no parties, I know only Germans!” “As a sign that you are
determined, without party difference without difference of root,
without religious difference be sustained with me through thick and
thin, through misery and death to go, I call on the Executive Boards of
the parties to step up and pledge that to me in the hand.”
1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II
TTYN: Describe the relationship of the above quote and ‘Peace within
the fortress’
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1915 – Social truce loses momentum
• War drags on
• Resources diverted for war effort
• Belief that the war was a power grab by the Kaiser and to restore
power for the upper class
Why attitudes changed in Germany
• 1918 – Mutiny by German sailors: refused one last attack, a suicidal
attack on the Royal Navy
• 1918 – Wilson’s 14 Points
• Kaiser must be out for Germany to be in at the Peace Summit
• Ordinary Germans in-favor of this condition
• Kaiser Abdicates
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Program for the Peace of the World
• January 8, 1918, speech on War Aims and Peace Terms given to
Congress
• President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace
that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
• 14 Points based on economic, social, and political analysis -- on a
regional and global level
• To better understand the cause of the war and to prevent future
entanglements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Essential Question to consider when reviewing Wilson’s 14 Points –
Imagine you are the leader(s) of France and G.B., what will be your
reaction to Wilson’s recommendations?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be
left to develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover AlsaceLorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to
"along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be
allowed for the Balkan states.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish
government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern
themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have
access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political
and territorial independence of all states.
***Not listed, but equally important – the abdication of the Kaiser
TTYN: Prediction – How will France and G.B. respond to Wilson’s 14
Points? Was it a path for future peace? Defend your position.
14 Points Hits a Roadblock
•Point II - Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of
blockades
• France was intent on imposing massive reparations upon the
'beaten' foe
• Imperial Competition
• Harsh punishment against Germany
End of War
• Armistice Day – November 11, 1918
Agreement between Germany and the Allies to end the war
• Germans wanted peace based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points
TTYN: What
holiday do we
celebrate on
Nov. 11
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was in hospital recovering from a chlorine gas attack when he heard that the
German government had surrendered.
Everything went black before my eyes; I tottered and groped my way back to the ward,
threw myself on my bunk, and dug my burning head into my blanket and pillow. So it
had all been in vain. In vain all the sacrifices and privations; in vain the hours in which,
with mortal fear clutching at our hearts, we nevertheless did our duty; in vain the
death of two million who died. Had they died for this? Did all this happen only so that a
gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the Fatherland.
I knew that all was lost. Only fools, liars and criminals could hope for mercy from the
enemy. In these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.
Miserable and degenerate criminals! The more I tried to achieve clarity on the
monstrous events in this hour, the more the shame of indignation and disgrace burned
my brow.
WWI
Common Core – “Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler
Who are the ‘‘criminals” that Hitler is referring to?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What has caused Hitler to feel so ashamed?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Treaty of Versailles
TTYN: What is the purpose of a treaty
Early 1919, The peacemakers assembled in Paris to accomplish the
following:
• To treat the root causes of the conflict
• Find solutions to problems either created or exacerbated by the War
itself
The ‘Players’ – The Big Three
• Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
• David Lloyd George – G.B.
• Georges Clemenceau -France
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Georges Clemenceau
• Prime Minister and a politician
TTYN: Describe some of roles and constituents
that a politician must play and appease
What Clemenceau and France were after…
• Revenge – Germany must pay for the war
• People of France in total alignment with Clemenceau
• Never give Germany another chance to start another war
• No need for politics…easy sell
David Lloyd George
Prime Minister and Politician
• Couldn’t be seen as going soft on Germany
• Citizens of G.B. wanted revenge for the war
• George was worried about the growth
of communism
• Believed communism posed a greater threat than a re-built Germany
• Privately, George wanted Germany to re-build in a fair and dignified
manner with no hope of being swayed by communism
Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President and a politician
• From isolation, to war, and back to isolation
• Wanted Europe to work out their difference in
a civil and equitable manner; not revenge
• Prevent another war
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany :
•Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
•Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
•Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
•Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
•West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
What the Big Three Agreed to:
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
Territorial
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
•Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.
• An enlarged Poland also received some of this land.
Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Not allowed an Air force
• Allowed only 6 naval ships and no submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 miles east of the River Rhine was
made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ).
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into DMZ.
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of
the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
•The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to any
attempts by Germany to rebuild her economy.
•Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic
loss. Combined with the financial penalties linked to reparations, it
seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to
bankrupt her.
•Germany was also forbidden to re-unite with Austria to form one
superstate or empire, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to
a minimum.
General
There are three vital clauses here:
1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. "War
Guilt Clause"
2. Germany, as she was responsible for starting the was responsible
for all the war damages.
• Had to pay reparations
• Bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the
damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war.
3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
The Treaty of Versailles
Territorial ~ Military ~ Financial ~ General
TTYN: Germany was the only country that had to sign the War
Guilt Clause. Was it fair? Support your answer.
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany’s Reaction
• Germany was not consulted regarding the arrangements and
particulars of the treaty
• The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the
Treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of
Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.
• German public goes mad
• Left with no choice but to sign it???
TTYN: If they didn’t sign, what was the likely outcome? Were there
other options available? Support your answer
The Hall of Mirrors – Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
This cartoon appeared
in the German satirical
magazine Simplissimus,
June 3, 1919
Don’t forget it!
We will never stop until we win back what we
deserve.
From Deutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, 28 June
1919.
Those who sign this treaty, will sign the death
sentence of many millions of German men, women
and children.
Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German delegation
to Versailles (15 May 1919)
'Lost but not forgotten land'.
The poem under the map reads:
You must carve in your heart
These words, as in stone What we have lost
Will be regained!
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
June 29, 1919: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions.
Looking at the conference in retrospect there is much to approve and much to regret. It
is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way for
doing it.
The bitterness engendered by the war, the hopes raised high in many quarters because
of victory, the character of the men having the dominant voices in the making of the
Treaty, all had their influence for good or for evil, and were to be reckoned with.
How splendid it would have been had we blazed a new and better trail! However, it is to
be doubted whether this could have been done, even if those in authority had so
decreed, for the peoples back of them had to be reckoned with. It may be that Wilson
might have had the power and influence if he had remained in Washington and kept
clear of the Conference. When he stepped from his lofty pedestal and wrangled with
representatives of other states upon equal terms, he became as common clay.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
To those who are saying that the Treaty is bad and should never have been made and
that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it.
But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered and new states raised
upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is always to create new
troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I
doubt whether it could have been made, for the ingredients for such a peace as I would
have had were lacking at Paris
The same forces that have been at work in the making of this peace would be at work to
hinder the enforcement of a different kind of peace, and no one can say with certitude
that anything better than has been done could be done at this time. We have had to deal
with a situation pregnant with difficulties and one which could be met only by an
unselfish and idealistic spirit, which was almost wholly absent and which was too much
to expect of men come together at such a time and for such a purpose.
And yet I wish we had taken the other road, even if it were less smooth, both now and
afterward, than the one we took. We would at least have gone in the right direction and
if those who follow us had made it impossible to go the full length of the journey
planned, the responsibility would have rested with them and not with us.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Edward M. House – Advisor to Woodrow Wilson
The core ingredients of the treaty largely ignored Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
According to the opinion offered by Edward House, why did the authors the treaty
choose another path? What was the ultimate goal of Great Britain and France during
the treaty process. Support each response with evidence from the article and what
has been learned during this unit
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
The Treaty includes no provision for the economic rehabilitation of Europe nothing to make the defeated Central Powers into good neighbours, nothing
to stabilise the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it
promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies
themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the
disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old
World and the New.
It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problem of a
Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in
which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was
their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it from every
point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny
they were handling.
Treaty of Versailles
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (1920)
According to Keynes, the future economic stability of Europe is a major problem that
was not addressed with the authorization of the treaty. Why does he suggest this
and what may be the future implications of this oversight. Support with evidence.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Versailles
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
Weimar Republic
1919, the Kaiser abdicates
Parliamentary republic established
Named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly
took place. Its official name was Deutsches Reich; however, it was
gnerally known as Germany.
1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new
constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11
August of that same year.
Social Democratic leadership
Goal of the Weimar: to construct the perfect democracy
Weimar Republic
Strive for Perfection
Included:
A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech
and religion, and equality under the law.
All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote.
There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag
(parliament).
The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which
had to do what the Reichstag wanted.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Proportional representation Led to 28 parties
Made it virtually impossible to establish a majority in the Reichstag, and
led to frequent changes in the government
Dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority
No government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
Two Major Flaws:
Article 48
In an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the
Reichstag, but could issue decrees and take sole power.
TTYN: Does Article 48 sound very democratic?
The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and
in the end
The “Stab-in-the-back legend”
The “November Criminals”
Weimar Republic
Not so perfect after all
A backdoor left open for Hitler
Article 48
Article 48 and the downfall of the Weimar to be continued….
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• 1918-19 - The influenza pandemic killed more people than the Great
War
• Approx. 50M people perished
• The most devastating epidemic in recorded world history
• More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of
the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
• A global disaster
• 1/5 of world’s population infected
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It infected 28% of all Americans.
• An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the
pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war.
• Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the
influenza virus and not to the enemy – 43K
• 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death
and yet of peace.
As if the war wasn’t bad enough…
The Spanish Flu
"La Grippe"
• It spread following the path of its human carriers, along trade routes
and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific
• The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and
aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack.
• President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while
negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Turning Point
The half-way point between two catastrophic wars that would decimate
Europe (twice)
1929 Stock Market Crash leads directly to the Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
And the hits just keep on coming…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question & TTYN: Why did the stock market crash that occurred
in the United States have ripple effects throughout Europe and the world?
The interconnectedness of world economies
The Result
The total disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and
production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy would
soon be felt throughout Europe and the world
The Great Depression in Europe
European Conditions at the time of the financial crisis
Weakened economies as a result of:
Wartime destruction
Postwar Reparations
Dawes Plan Collapses
The Great Depression in Europe
Dawes Plan
American banks loaned money to the German government
The Weimar Government used the loans to pay reparations to the
French and British governments
France and G.B.used the money to pay war debts to American banks.
The Great Depression in Europe
Essential Question: What was the obvious problem or structure with
the Dawes Plan?
Everything depended on the continuous flow of American capital.
The German government's debt to the victorious powers shifted
towards American bankers, who, under the auspices of the Dawes plan,
assumed the debt along with the dangers of default.
1928, American banks had ceased to make loans under the Dawes
plan.
Germany still had to service its American loans in addition to
making reparations payments.
The Great Depression in Europe
Banks collapsed
Mass unemployment
Business Failures
Germany defaults on reparations
G.B. and France default on their war debts
Political conflicts on the rise
Unemployment Figures
Country
1929
1933
France
9,000
356,000
Germany
2,484,000
5,599,000
U.K.
1,204,000
2,821,000
Berlin, Germany
Outside unemployment office
Source:
H. Tiltman, Slump! A Study of Stricken Europe Today (1932:
Jarrolds Publisher London Limited).
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
TTYN: What does this
piece of propaganda
suggest?
Work and Bread
Political
Parties in the
Reichstag
June
1920
May
1924
Dec.
1924
May
1928
Sep.
1930
July
1932
Communist
Party (KPD)
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
Social
Democratic
Party (SDP)
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic
Centre Party
(BVP)
65
81
88
78
87
97
90
93
Nationalist
Party (DNVP)
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
Nazi Party
(NSDAP)
-
-
-
12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
98
92
73
121
122
22
35
23
Nov.
1932
Mar.
1933
"Our Last Hope — Hitler"
Source:
Mjölnir, "Unsere letzte Hoffnung-Hitler" (München:
Heinz Franke, 1932).
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
There is a secret world conspiracy, which while speaking much about humanity and tolerance,
in reality wants only to harness the people to a new yoke. A number of workers' leaders belong
to this group. The leaders are big capitalists.
300 big bankers, financiers and press barons, who are interconnected across the world, are the
real dictators. They belong almost exclusively to the "chosen people". They are all members of
the same conspiracy.
The Jewish big capitalist always plays our friend and dogooder; but he only does it to make us
into his slaves. The trusting worker is going to help him set up the world dictatorship of Jewry.
Because that is their goal, as it states in the Bible. "All the peoples will serve you, all the wealth
of the world will belong to you".
Shake off your Jewish leaders, and those in the pay of Judas! And one final point. Don't expect
anything from Bolshevism. It doesn't bring the worker freedom. In Russia the eight-hour day
has been abolished. There are no more workers' councils. All cower under the dictatorship of a
hundred government commissars, who are nine-tenths Jewish.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Propaganda Leaflet
National Socialist German Workers Party (1920)
Who is Nazi Party speaking to?
____________________________________________________________________
What group is in the Nazi Party’s crosshairs and why? Support with evidence.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
Germany, England, France and Italy are dependent on exports. Indeed, even America
is leaving the purely domestic economic circuit and is emerging as an industrial
competitor on a worldwide scale, helped, to be sure, by sources of raw materials that
are just as cheap as they are inexhaustible. Especially in the sphere of the
motorization of the world. America appears to be cornering the whole world market.
In addition, the outside world has succeeded in breaking down a number of German
monopolies on the world market thanks to the coercive restraints of wartime and the
result of peace treaties.
Finally, however, the economies of the world's great industrial states are backed up by
their political power. And the decisive factor in economic conflict in the world was
never yet rested in the skill and know-how of the various competitors, but rather in
the might of the sword they could wield to tip the scales for their businesses and
hence their lives.
The Rise of Hitler
Common Core – ‘Document of the Day’
Adolf Hitler, The Road to Resurgence (1927)
What is Hitler promoting for Germany in order to be considered a
serious economic force? Please explain
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Small Group Activity
Inside Hitler’s Head
Resources located at end of unit
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Patriotic and Nationalistic
Inspired to enlist at the start of WWI
1920, created the “Brown Shirt’s”
Extremely active in Munich
1923, The Munich Putsch or the “Beer Hall Putsch”
Failed attempt by Nazi Party to take over Weimar Republic
Arrested and tried for treason
Spent 9 months in jail
Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Mein Kampf
Targets of the book
Democrats
Communists
Internationalists (foreigners)
Jews
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
"[The Jews'] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization
of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as
the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the volkish
intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own people," On the
contrary, the German people were of the highest racial purity and those destined
to be the master race according to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was necessary
to avoid intermarriage with subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs.... Germany
could stop the Jews from conquering the world only by eliminating them. By doing
so, Germany could also find Lebensraum, living space, without which the superior
German culture would decay. This living space, Hitler continued, would come from
conquering Russia (which was under the control of Jewish Marxists, he believed)
and the Slavic countries. This empire would be launched after democracy was
eliminated and a "Führer" called upon to rebuild the German Reich."
Back to the Weimar Republic
The Fall of the Weimar Republic
TTYN: Identify and describe the two major flaws of the Weimar
Government
Article 48 and the backdoor left open for Hitler
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Brains over brawn
Decided to seize power constitutionally rather than through
force
Great orator
Railed against Jews, Communists, and Foreigners
Asked the German people to “resist the yoke of Jews and
Communists and create a new empire that would stand for a
thousand years”
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
1924-29: The electoral process
1924, reestablished the NSDAP
The Fuhrer Principal – country would be led by one person or the
Fuhrer
1933, entered the coalition government as Chancellor
1934, Von Hindenburg (president) dies
1934, Hitler assumes the presidency
Consolidates governmental powers
1937, declares his intent for a war of aggression in Europe
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Nazi Ideology: Basic Components
Antisemitism, nationalism, militarism, and anti-communism.
Jews were racially alien to Europe and were supposed to be the
source of all European troubles, especially Communis.
Germany should become the strongest country in Europe
because Germans were racially superior to other Europeans and
should lead everyone else, even against their will.
Use of force (military)
Russian bolshevism threatened European civilization and
should be destroyed
K-W-L The Rise of Hitler - TTYN
What I Know
About Adolf Hitler
What I Want to Learn
About Adolf Hitler
What I Learned
About Adolf Hitler
Timeline
Treaty Negotiations
Commence
Early 1919
The Rise of Hitler and
the Nazi Party, 1924
Spanish Flu
1918-1919
Great Depression
1929
Armistice Day
Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty Versailles Signing
June 29, 1919
What’s Next?
To the teacher:
At the start of the next unit (WWII), I start the unit with a B-D-A
Activity
“Tweeting Europe Into War”
Inside Hitler’s Head Learning Activity
Resources
Additional Lesson/Activity
Additional Lesson/Activity
Unit Assessment
Short-answer ID’s
Treaty of Versailles
The Great Depression
Stab-in-the-back Legend
Reparations
The Nazi Party
Wilson’s 14 Points
War Guilt Clause
Spanish Flu
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Article 48
Adolf Hitler
Hall of Mirrors
Mein Kampf
Woodrow Wilson
The Beer Hall Putsch
Georges Clemenceau
Kristallnacht
Unit Assessment