Transcript GENERAL PURPOSE & DOMAIN SPECIFIC PROCESSORS a. Microprocessors b. Microcontrollers c. Digital Signal Processors 2.

GENERAL PURPOSE & DOMAIN SPECIFIC PROCESSORS
a. Microprocessors
b. Microcontrollers
c. Digital Signal Processors
2. APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(ASIC)
3.PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES(PLD)
COMMERCIAL-OFF-THE-SHELF COMPONENTS(COTS)
1.
 MICROPROCESSORS:
 Has CPU
 Capable of performing arithmetic & logical operations
 Dependent unit
 ie requires memory, timer unit ,interrupt controller etc.
 MICROCONTROLLERS:
 Highly intergrated chip
 Contains its own CPU, scratchpad RAM, on chip
ROM/Flash memory
 Has dedicated ports
 Independent working
 Cheap , cost effective and readily available.
 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING:
 Are powerful 8/16/32 bit microprocessors
 For audio,video and communication applications
 2 to 3 times faster from microprocessors
 Consists of :Program memory(rom),Data Memory
(RAM),Computational Engine,I/O unit
RISC-Reduced Instruction
Set Computing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Less number of instructions
Uses pipelining & increased
execution speed.
Orthogonal Instruction
set(instruction type and the
addressing mode vary
independently)
Operations on registers .
Memory : load & store
Large number of registers are
available
Need to write more code since
instructions are simple
Harvard architecture
CISC-Complex ISC
1.
2.
More number of instructions
No instruction pipelining
3.
Non-Orthogonal Instruction
set
4.
Operations on registers or
memory.
Limited number of registers
are available
5.
6.
7.
Need to write less code since
instructions are complex
Von-Neumann Harvard
architecture
Harvard Architecture
Von-Neumann Architecture
Separate buses for
instruction and data
fetching
2. Easier to pipeline , high
performance
3. Comparatively high cost
1.
4. Program & data memory are
4. Program & data memory are
1.
stored at different places
hence no chances of
accidental corruption of
program memory
Single Shared buses for
instruction and data
fetching
2. Low performance
3.
cheaper
stored in the same chip,
hence their are chances of
accidental corruption of
program memory
ASIC
 An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is




an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular
use, rather than intended for general-purpose use.
It integrates several functions into a single chip.
Takes up very small area hence helps in designing
smaller system
Reduced cost.
NON RECURRING ENGINEERING CHARGE(NRE)
PLD
 A programmable logic device or PLD is
an electronic component used to
build reconfigurable digital circuits.
 Unlike a logic gate, which has a fixed function, a PLD
has an undefined function at the time of manufacture.
 Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must be
programmed, that is, reconfigured.
 No NRE costs.
COTS
 Which is used as ‘as-is’ .
 They provide easy integration & inter-operability with
existing systems components.
 Generally designed/developed around a processor.
 No operational & manufacturing standards.
 Are like proprietary products , cannot be used with
some other product.
Sensors & actuators
 Sensors are transducers that converts one form of
energy to another.
 Actuators convert signals to corresponding physical
action. (basically Output device)
 7 Segment LED display
Communication interfaces
On –board communication interface
II. External communication interface
I.
On –board communication interface:
1. I2C BUS: bi-directional, Serial Clock & data lines
(SCL: high & SDA:low)
2. SPI (serial peripheral inteface) BUS: Master Out
Slave In(MOSI), MISO,SCLK,slave select(SS) ; fully
configurable
3.UART BUS(Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter)
 Doesn’t require clock signal.
 Depends on pre-defined agreement
 Settings:baudrate,parity bits
4.I-WIRE INTERFACE: uses a single signal wire DQ.
 Data & signal uses the same line.
 Single master(reset pulse) and many slaves(presence
pulse)
External communication interfaces
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
RS-232:legacy,wired ,asynchronous serial interface. uses
handshaking & control signals for data transmission
USB(universal serial bus):wired high speed bus. Core group
members, star topology:1 master, many slaves
IrDA(Infrared):line of sight based wrireless device
BT(bluetooth):low cost low power short range wireless tech,
bluetooth protocol stack.
Wi-Fi:networked communication devices, supports IP
protocol.requires an agent:wifi router/ access point.
ZigBee:low power low cost network communication
protocol, low data rate, secure communication for Wireless
PAN
GPRS(general packet radio service):comm technique for
transferring data over a mobile network. Data split into
various packets.
Other components
 RESSET CIRCUIT:
 Ensures that a device is not operating at a voltage level




where the device is not guaranteed to operate.
It brings the internal registers to a known state.
BROWN-OUT PROTECTION CIRCUIT:
Prevents the processor/controller from unexpected
program execution when the voltage falls below a
specified voltage.
Esp. for battery powered devices.
 OSCILLATOR UNIT
 REAL TIME CLOCK
 WATCHDOG TIMER
Ms.Sarita Balakrishnan
Assistant Professor
SIES ,Sion(West).