Transcript Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 10 Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Psychology: A Modular Approach to.

Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Chapter 10: Motivation and
Emotion
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Defining Motivation, and a Model
• Dynamics of behavior; the ways in which
actions are initiated, sustained, directed, and
terminated
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
A Model of Motivation
• Model of how motivated activities work
– Need: Internal deficiency; causes drive
– Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g.,
hunger, thirst; activates a response)
– Response: Action or series of actions
designed to attain a goal
– Goal: Target of motivated behavior
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Types of Motives
• Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its
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•
•
ability to fill a need
Primary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives
based on biological needs that must be met
to survive
Stimulus Motive: Needs for stimulation and
information; appear to be innate, but not
necessary for survival
Secondary Motive: Based on learned needs,
drives, and goals
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Hunger: Big Mac Attack?
• Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance
• Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates
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•
many aspects of motivation and emotion,
including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
Feeding System: Area in the hypothalamus
that, when stimulated, initiates eating
Satiety System: Area in the hypothalamus
that terminates eating
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.4
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
More on Eating Behavior (Hungry Yet?)
• Neuropeptide Y (NPY): Substance in the
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•
brain that initiates eating
Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance
in brain that terminates eating
Set Point: Proportion of body fat that is
maintained by changes in hunger and eating;
point where weight stays the same when you
make no effort to gain or lose weight
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
The Final Word on Eating Behavior
• Leptin: Substance released by fat cells that
•
inhibits eating
External Eating Cues: External stimuli that
tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating;
these cues may cause you to eat even if you
are stuffed (like Homer Simpson, who eats
whatever he sees!)
– Signs and signals linked with food
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.6
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.7
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Behavioral Dieting
• Weight reduction based on changing exercise
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and eating habits and not on temporary selfstarvation
Some keys
– Start with a complete physical
– Exercise
– Be committed to weight loss
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Behavioral Dieting (cont.)
• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and
•
•
•
keep a chart of daily progress
Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned
habits that tell you to always clean your plate
Avoid snacks
Learn to weaken personal eating cues
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Taste
• Taste Aversion: Active dislike for a particular
food
– VERY difficult to overcome
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa
• Active self-starvation or sustained loss of
appetite that seems to have psychological
origins
– Control issues seem to be involved
– Very difficult to effectively treat
– Overwhelmingly affects adolescent females
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Anorexia Nervosa
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa
• Excessive eating (binging) usually followed
by self-induced vomiting and/or taking
laxatives
– Difficult to treat
– Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia
nervosa
– Overwhelmingly affects females
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
•
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•
Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Nervosa
Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated
fears of becoming fat; they think they are fat
when the opposite is true!
Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight;
anorectics with perfect control
Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain”
diet to restore weight
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Thirst
• Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from
•
fluids surrounding the cells of your body
– Best satisfied by drinking slightly salty
liquid
Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of
cells because of increased concentration of
salts and minerals outside the cell
– Best satisfied by drinking water
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Pain Avoidance
• An episodic drive:
– Distinct episodes when bodily damage
takes place or is about to occur
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Sex Drive
• Estrus: Changes in animals that create a
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•
desire for sex; females in heat
Estrogen: A female sex hormone
Androgens: Male sex hormones
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Stimulus Drives
• Reflect needs for information, exploration,
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•
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manipulation, and sensory input
Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal,
or comfortable, level of arousal
Arousal: Activation of the body and nervous
system
Sensation Seeking: Trait of people who prefer
high levels of stimulation (e.g., the
contestants on “Fear Factor”)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Yerkes-Dodson Law
• If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be
high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal
provide for the best performance
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.9
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
How to Cope with Test Anxiety
• Preparation
• Relaxation
• Rehearsal
• Restructuring thoughts
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Learned Motives
• Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a
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•
particular society or culture
Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet
or exceed some internal standard of
excellence
Need for Power: Desire to have impact or
control over others
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s
ordering of needs based on presumed
strength or potency; some needs are more
powerful than others and thus will influence
your behavior to a greater degree
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Maslow’s Human Needs
• Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in
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•
Maslow’s hierarchy
– Lower needs tend to be more potent
(“prepotent”) than higher needs
Growth Needs: Higher-level needs
associated with self-actualization
Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses
for self-actualization
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.10
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from
•
within, not from external rewards; based on
personal enjoyment of a task or activity
Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious
external rewards, obligations, or similar
factors
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Emotions
• State characterized by physiological arousal
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and changes in facial expressions, gestures,
posture, and subjective feelings
Adaptive Behaviors: Actions that aid our
attempts to survive and adjust to changing
conditions
Physiological Changes (In emotions): Include
heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and
other involuntary responses
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
More Terms to Know
• Adrenaline: Hormone produced by adrenal
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•
glands that arouses the body
Emotional Expressions: Outward signs of
what a person is feeling
Emotional Feelings: A person’s private
emotional experience
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Primary Emotions and Mood
• Eight primary emotions (Plutchik, 2001)
– Fear
– Surprise
– Sadness
– Disgust
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Primary Emotions and Mood Concluded
•
– Anger
– Anticipation
– Joy
– Trust
Mood: Low-intensity, long-lasting emotional
state
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.11
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.12
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Brain and Emotion
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural
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•
system that connects brain with internal
organs and glands
Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that
activates body for emergency action
Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that
quiets body and conserves energy
– Parasympathetic Rebound: Overreaction to
intense emotion
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.13
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Lie Detectors
• Polygraph: Device that records changes in
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heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and
galvanic skin response (GSR); lie detector
GSR: Measures sweating
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Types of Polygraph Questions
• Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional
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•
questions in a polygraph test
Relevant Questions: Questions to which only
someone guilty should react
Control Questions: Questions that almost
always provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g.,
“Have you ever taken any office supplies?”)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Body Language (Kinesics)
• Study of communication through body
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•
movement, posture, gestures, and facial
expressions
Emotional Tone: Underlying emotional state
Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic
expressions
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Three Types of Facial Expressions
• Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to
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•
which a person is experiencing pleasure or
displeasure
Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given
to a person or object
Activation: Degree of arousal a person is
experiencing
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.15
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings
•
follow bodily arousal and come from
awareness of such arousal
Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain)
causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal
to occur simultaneously
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory
• Emotions occur when physical arousal is
labeled or interpreted on the basis of
experience and situational cues
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Attribution
• Attribution: Mental process of assigning
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causes to events; attributing arousal to a
certain source
Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from
facial expressions and becoming aware of
them is what leads to the emotion someone
feels
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.17
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
A Modern View of Emotion
• Emotional Appraisal: Evaluating personal
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meaning of a stimulus or situation
Emotional Intelligence: Emotional
competence, including empathy, self-control,
self-awareness, and other skills
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Critical Emotional Intelligence Skills
• Self-awareness
• Empathy
• Managing emotions
• Understanding emotions
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
More Critical Emotional Skills
• Using emotions
• Emotional flexibility
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 10.19