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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and
Coping
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Health Psychology
• Health Psychology: Uses behavioral
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•
principles to prevent illness and promote
health
Behavioral Medicine: Applies psychology to
manage medical problems (e.g., asthma and
diabetes)
Lifestyle Diseases: Diseases related to
health-damaging personal habits
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Behavioral Risk Factors
• Behaviors that increase the chances of
•
disease, injury, or premature death
Disease-Prone Personality: Personality type
associated with poor health; person tends to
be chronically depressed, anxious, and
hostile
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
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•
Ways to Promote Health and Early
Prevention
Refusal Skills Training: Program that teaches
young people how to resist pressures to
begin smoking
– Can be applied to other drugs and health
risks
Life Skills Training: Teaches stress reduction,
self-protection, decision making, self-control,
and social skills
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
•
•
Ways to Promote Health and Early
Prevention (cont.)
Role Model: Person who serves as a positive
example of good and desirable behavior
Wellness: Positive state of good health and
well-being
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Stress
• Mental and physical condition that occurs
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when a person must adjust or adapt to the
environment
– Includes marital and financial problems
– Eustress: Good stress
Stress Reaction: Physical reaction to stress
– Autonomic Nervous System is aroused
Stressor: Condition or event that challenges
or threatens the person
Pressure: When a person must meet urgent
external demands or expectations
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Figure 12.2
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Burnout
• Job-related condition (usually in helping
professions) of physical, mental, and
emotional exhaustion
– Emotional Exhaustion: Feel “used up” and
apathetic toward work
– Cynicism: Detachment from the job
– Feeling of reduced personal
accomplishment
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
How to Manage a Threat
• Primary Appraisal: Deciding if a situation is
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•
relevant or irrelevant, positive or threatening
Secondary Appraisal: Assess resources and
decide how to meet the threat or challenge
Perceived lack of control is just as threatening
as an actual lack of control
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Coping With Threats
• Emotion-Focused Coping: Trying to control
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•
one’s emotional reactions to the threatening
or stressful situation
Problem-Focused Coping: Managing or
correcting the distressing situation
Traumatic Stresses: Extreme events that
cause psychological injury or intense
emotional pain
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Frustration
• Negative emotional state that occurs when
people are prevented from reaching desired
goals
– External Frustration: Based on external
conditions that impede progress toward a
goal
• Can be social or non-social
– Personal Frustration: Caused by personal
characteristics that impede progress
toward a goal
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Figure 12.3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Reactions to Frustration
• Aggression: Any response made with the
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•
intention of harming a person, animal, or
object
Displaced Aggression: Redirecting
aggression to a target other than the source
of one’s frustration
Scapegoating: Blaming a person or group for
conditions they did not create; the scapegoat
is a habitual target of displaced aggression
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Reactions to Frustration (cont.)
• Escape: May mean actually leaving a source
•
of frustration (dropping out of school) or
psychologically escaping (apathy)
Conflict: Stressful condition that occurs when
a person must choose between contradictory
needs, desires, motives, or demands
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Types of Conflicts
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Approach-Approach Conflicts
• Having to choose between two desirable or
positive alternatives (e.g., choosing between
a new BMW or Mercedes)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts
• Being forced to choose between two negative
or undesirable alternatives (e.g., choosing
between going to the doctor or contracting
cancer)
– NOT choosing may be impossible or
undesirable
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
• Being attracted (drawn to) and repelled by the
same goal or activity; attraction keeps person
in the situation, but negative aspects can
cause distress
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Ambivalence
• Mixed positive and negative feelings; central
characteristic of approach-avoidance conflicts
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Figure 12.5
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Multiple Conflicts
• Double Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: Each
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•
alternative has both positive and negative
qualities
Vacillation: When one is attracted to both
choices; seeing the positives and negatives
of both choices and going “back and forth”
before deciding, if deciding at all!
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: When
several alternatives have positive and
negative features
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Anxiety
• Feelings of tension, uneasiness,
apprehension, worry, and vulnerability
– We are motivated to avoid experiencing
anxiety
– Similar to fear but based on unclear threat
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Freudian Ego Defense Mechanisms
• Habitual and unconscious (in most cases)
mental processes designed to reduce anxiety
– Work by avoiding, denying, or distorting
sources of threat or anxiety
– If used short term, can help us get through
everyday situations
– If used long term, we may end up not living
in reality
– Protect idealized self-image so we can live
with ourselves
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Freudian Ego Defense Mechanisms: Some
Examples
• Denial: Most primitive; refusing to accept or
believe reality; usually occurs with death and
illness
• Repression: When painful memories,
anxieties, and so on are held out of our
awareness
• Reaction Formation: Impulses are repressed
and the opposite behavior is exaggerated
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
More Freudian Ego Defense Mechanisms
• Projection: When one’s own feelings,
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shortcomings, or unacceptable traits and
impulses are seen in others; exaggerating
negative traits in others lowers anxiety
Rationalization: Justifying personal actions by
giving “rational” but false reasons for them
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Learned Helplessness (Seligman)
• Acquired (learned) inability to overcome
obstacles and avoid aversive stimuli; learned
passivity and inactivity to aversive stimuli
– Occurs when events appear to be
uncontrollable
– May feel helpless if failure is attributed to
lasting, general factors
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Figure 12.6
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Depression
• State of feeling despondent defined by
feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness
– One of the most common mental problems
in the world
– Childhood depression is dramatically
increasing
– Some symptoms: Loss of appetite or sex
drive, decreased activity, sleeping too
much
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Mastery Training
• Responses are reinforced that lead to
mastery of a threat or control over one’s
environment
– One method to combat learned
helplessness and depression
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
How to Recognize Depression (Beck)
• You have a consistently negative opinion of
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yourself
You engage in frequent self-criticism and selfblame
You place negative interpretations on events
that usually would not bother you
The future looks grim
You can’t handle your responsibilities and feel
overwhelmed
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Stress and Health
• Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS):
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Rates the impact of various life events on the
likelihood of contracting illness
– Not a foolproof method of rating stress
Are positive life events (getting married,
having a child) always stressful?
People also differ in their reactions to stress
Microstressors (Hassles): Minor but frequent
stresses
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Psychosomatic Disorders
• Illness where psychological factors contribute
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to actual illnesses (bodily damage) or to
damaging changes in bodily functioning
Hypochondriacs: Complain about diseases
that appear to be imaginary
– Certain kinds of ulcers are not
psychosomatic
– Most common complaints: respiratory and
gastrointestinal (e.g., stomach pain and
asthma)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Biofeedback
• Applying informational feedback to bodily
control
– Aids voluntary regulation of bodily states
such as blood pressure, heart rate, and so
on
– Helpful but not an instant cure
– May help relieve muscle-tension
headaches, migraine headaches, and
chronic pain
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Figure 12.7
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Cardiac Personalities
• Type A Personality: Personality type with
•
elevated risk of heart disease; characterized
by time urgency, chronic anger, or hostility
– Anger may be the key factor of this
behavior
Type B Personality: All types other than Type
As; unlikely to have a heart attack
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Hardy Personality
• Personality type associated with superior
stress resistance
– Sense of personal commitment to self and
family
– Feel they have control over their lives and
their work
– See life as a series of challenges, not
threats
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS; Selye)
• Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress;
occurs in three stages
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Stage One: Alarm Reaction
• Body resources are mobilized to cope with
added stress
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Stage Two: Stage of Resistance
• Bodily adjustments to stress stabilize but at a
high physical cost; resistance to other
stressors is lowered
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Stage Three: Stage of Exhaustion
• Body’s resources are drained and stress
hormones are depleted, possibly resulting in:
– Psychosomatic disease
– Loss of health
– Complete collapse
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Immunity
• Immune System: Mobilizes bodily defenses
•
like white blood cells against invading
microbes and other diseases
Psychoneuroimmunology: Study of
connections among behavior, stress, disease,
and immune system
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Stress Management
• Use of behavioral strategies to reduce stress
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•
and improve coping skills
Progressive Relaxation: Produces deep
relaxation throughout the body by tightening
all muscles in an area and then relaxing them
Guided Imagery: Visualizing images that are
calming, relaxing, or beneficial in other ways
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
More on Stress Management
• Stress Inoculation: Using positive coping
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statements internally to control fear and
anxiety; designed to combat:
– Negative Self-Statements: Self-critical
thoughts that increase anxiety and lower
performance
Coping Statements: Reassuring, selfenhancing statements used to stop selfcritical thinking
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 12
Figure 12.9