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Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Chapter 17: Applied Psychology
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I-O)
• Applied Psychology: Use of psychological
principles and research methods to solve
practical problems
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I-O):
Focuses on psychology of people at work and
in organizations
–Typically work in:
• Testing and placement (Personnel
Psychology)
• Human relations at work
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Other Aspects of I-O Psychology
• Personnel Psychology: Branch of I-O
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psychology concerned with testing, selection,
placement, and promotion
Job Analysis: Detained description of skills,
knowledge, and activities required by a
particular job
Critical Incidents: Situations where competent
employees must be able to cope
Biodata: Detailed biographical information
about a job applicant
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Psychological Testing
• Vocational Interest Tests: Paper-and-pencil
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test that assesses a person’s interests and
matches them to interests found in successful
workers in various occupations
– Strong Campbell Interest Inventory is one
such example
Aptitude Tests: Rate a person’s potential to
learn skills or tasks used in various
occupations
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Psychological Testing (cont.)
• Multimedia Computerized Test: Use
•
computers to present realistic work situations
– Police officers will run through various
“situations” where they have to decide
whether or not to use force, for example
Assessment Centers: Do in-depth evaluations
of potential employees; often set up within
organizations
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Figure 17.2
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Psychological Testing (cont.)
• Situational Judgment Tests: Present difficult
•
but realistic work situations to potential
employees in order to rate and evaluate their
performance
In-Basket Test: Simulates decision making
challenges that executives face
– Basket full of memos is given to applicant,
and applicant must act appropriately as
quickly as possible
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Groupwork
• Leaderless Group Discussion: Test of
leadership that simulates group decision
making and problem solving
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Management Theories
• Scientific Management (Theory X): Approach
•
to managing employees that emphasizes
work efficiency
– Uses time-and-motion studies, task
analysis, and job specialization to increase
productivity
Work Efficiency: Maximum output at the
lowest cost
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
More on Management Theories
• Psychological Efficiency: Maintaining good
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morale, labor relations, employee
satisfaction, and similar aspects of work
behavior
– Happy workers are productive workers
Theory Y: Emphasizes human relations at
work; sees people as industrious,
responsible, and interested in challenging
work
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
More Management Strategies
• Participative Management: Employees at all
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levels are directly involved in decision making
Management by Objectives: Workers are
given specific goals to meet so they can know
if they are doing a good job
Self-Managed Team: Group of employees
who work together toward shared goals
Quality Circles: Voluntary employee
discussion groups that look to improve quality
and look for ways to solve business problems
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Job Satisfaction and Enrichment
• Job Satisfaction: Degree to which a person is
comfortable and satisfied with his or her work
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Factors in Job Satisfaction
• Job satisfaction is highest when (listed in
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order of importance):
– Work is interesting
– Enough help and equipment exist to get
job done
– Enough information to get job done
– Enough authority to get job done
Note that anything relating to pay is not listed
in the top four (pay is ranked fifth)!
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Job Enrichment
• Making a job more personally rewarding,
interesting, or intrinsically motivating
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
How People Cope with Work Dilemmas
• Four Basic Coping Styles
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Vigilant
• Most effective; individuals evaluate
information objectively and make decisions,
clearly understanding alternatives
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Complacent
• Let chance direct their career decisions and
tend to be nonchalant, not making plans
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Defensive-Avoidant
• Aware of all risks and opportunities, but are
uncomfortable making decisions; thus they
tend to procrastinate, rationalize, and make
excuses for inaction and indecision
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Hypervigilant
• Panic when forced to make career decisions;
making logical decisions is almost impossible
for this type
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Improving Communication at Work;
Effective Communication
• State your ideas clearly and decisively
• Do not overuse big words
• Avoid excessive use of jargon or slang
• Avoid Loaded Words: Words that have
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strong emotional meanings should be
avoided
Use people’s names
Be polite
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Being a Good Listener
• Make an honest effort to pay attention
• Try to Identify the Speaker’s Purpose: Look
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for main themes and not isolated facts
Suspend evaluation
Check your understanding
Pay attention to nonverbal messages
Accept responsibility for effective
communication
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Environmental Psychology
• Concerned with the relationship between
environments and human behavior; interested
in:
– Physical Environments: Natural or
constructed
– Social Environments: Groups of people, such
as a dance, party, or business meeting
– Behavioral Settings: Smaller areas within an
environment whose use is well defined, e.g.,
office, casino, classroom, or locker room
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Personal Space
• Area surrounding the body that is defined as
private and is subject to personal control
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Proxemics
• Systematic study of human use of personal
space, especially in social settings
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Four Basic Zones
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Intimate Distance
• Most private space immediately surrounding
the body; 18 inches from the skin; reserved
for special people or special circumstances
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Personal Distance
• Maintained in interactions with friends; 18
inches to 4 feet from body; arm’s length
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Social Distance
• Impersonal interaction takes place; 4 to 12
feet
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Public Distance
• Formal interactions take place (like giving a
speech); 12 feet or more
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Figure 17.3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Territoriality
• Territorial Behavior: Any behavior that tends
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to define a space as one’s own or that
protects it from intruders
Territorial Markers: Objects and other signals
that signal ownership or control of a particular
area
– Gates, pictures, plants, posters,
decorations
– Check your psychology professor’s office
to find some examples of territorial markers
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Crowding and Noise
• Crowding: Subjective feeling of being
overstimulated by nearness of others or loss
of privacy (especially when social contact with
them is unavoidable)
– When crowding causes a loss of control
over one’s immediate social environment,
stress can result
– John Calhoun’s “Horrible Mousery” (1962)
is a good example of how overcrowding
can affect mice
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Noise and Stress
• Attentional Overload: Stressful condition that
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occurs when sensory stimulation, information,
and social contacts make excessive demands
on attention
Noise Pollution: Stressful, annoying, and
intrusive noise; usually generated by
machines (jackhammers, sirens, planes), but
also including noise made by humans and
animals
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Figure 17.4
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Social Traps
• Any social situation that rewards individual
actions that will have undesired effects in the
long run
– Anya, Gabi, and others want to drive cars
because they are convenient, even though
the subway in NYC is more efficient; thus,
the subways in major cities in the USA are
underused
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Tragedy of the Commons
• Type of social trap where individuals share a
scarce resource; each person acts in his or
her self-interest, which causes the resource
to be used up so eventually everyone suffers
– No efforts made, for example, to conserve
water, gasoline, electricity, or food
– Some social behaviors produce immediate
rewards but have significant consequences
in the long run
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Architectural Psychology
• Study of the effects buildings have on
behavior; buildings can be designed using
psychological and behavioral principles
– Making rooms with more space and more
light, having bathrooms in the middle of the
hall; higher or lower ceilings
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Figure 17.5
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Psychology of Law
• Study of behavioral dimensions of legal
system
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Jury Behavior
• Jurors rarely can put aside biases, attitudes,
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and beliefs when making a decision
Jurors are not very good at separating
evidence from other information, e.g., what
they think the judge wants
Final verdict is often influenced by
inadmissible evidence
Jurors cannot suspend judgment until all
information is in; opinion often formed early in
trial
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Jury Selection
• Mock Jury: Group that realistically simulates a
courtroom jury
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Scientific Jury Selection
• Social science principles are applied to jury
selection process
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Scientific Jury Selection Principles
• Gather demographic information
• Perform community survey to get information
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about attitudes toward case
Look for authoritarian personality traits in
potential jurors
– Tend to believe that punishment is
effective, and more likely to vote to convict
Look at nonverbal behavior
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Death-Qualified Jury
• Jury composed of people who favor death
penalty or are at least indifferent to it
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Sports Psychology
• Study of psychological and behavioral
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dimensions of sports performance
Task Analysis: Breaking sports skills into
subparts so that key elements can be identified
and taught
Motor Skills: Series of actions molded into a
smooth and efficient performance
Mental Practice: Imagining a skilled performance
to help learning
Peak Performance: Physical, emotional, and
mental states are harmonious and optimal
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Figure 17.6
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
Space Psychology: Visions of Arthur C.
Clarke?
• Space Psychologists: Study behavioral
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challenges that accompany space flight and
life in restricted environments
Some potential problems psychologists have
studied
– General Environment: How to handle lack
of showers, etc.
– Privacy
– Sensory Restriction
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 17
More Potential Problems in Space
• Cultural differences
• Social isolation
• Conflict resolution
• Mental health