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Chemistry 22.1
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
Gasoline, diesel fuel, and
kerosene are examples of liquid
fuels. A solid fuel, coal, produced
the steam for the locomotives
that pulled old-time trains. These
fuels are mixtures of compounds
called hydrocarbons. You will
learn about the structure and
properties of hydrocarbons.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
How is the number of valence electrons
in carbon atoms related to the bonds
that carbon atoms form?
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Because carbon has four valence
electrons, a carbon atom always forms
four covalent bonds.
The simplest organic compounds contain
only carbon and hydrogen and are called
hydrocarbons.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
One carbon atom can form a single covalent
bond with four hydrogen atoms.
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Hydrocarbons
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Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Animation 28
Get a glimpse of the staggering variety of
hydrocarbon compounds.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Formulas and Models for Methane and Ethane
Ball-and-stick model
Space-filling model
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
Alkanes
What are two possible arrangements of
carbon atoms in an alkane?
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which there are
only single covalent bonds.
The carbon atoms in an alkane can be
arranged in a straight chain or in a
chain that has branches.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
Straight-Chain Alkanes
Ethane is the simplest of the straight-chain
alkanes, which contain any number of carbon
atoms, one after the other, in a chain.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
A group of compounds forms a homologous
series if there is a constant increment of change
in molecular structure from one compound in the
series to the next.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
Hydrocarbons are used as fuels.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
In a condensed structural formula, some
bonds and/or atoms are left out of the structural
formula. Although the bonds and atoms do not
appear, they are there.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.1
Problem Solving 22.1 Solve
Problem 1 with the help of an
interactive guided tutorial.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
Branched-Chain Alkanes
An atom or group of atoms that can take the
place of a hydrogen atom on a parent
hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
• A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl
group.
• An alkane with one or more alkyl groups is
called a branched-chain alkane.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the
arrangement of atoms in 4-ethyl-2,3dimethylheptane.
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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.2
Problem Solving 22.3 Solve
Problem 3 with the help of an
interactive guided tutorial.
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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.3
Problem Solving 22.5 Solve
Problem 5 with the help of an
interactive guided tutorial.
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Properties of Alkanes
Properties of Alkanes
In terms of their polarity, what type of
molecules are alkanes?
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22.1
Hydrocarbons
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Properties of Alkanes
Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as
alkanes, are nonpolar molecules.
The nonpolar molecules in the oil spill are
not attracted to the polar water molecules in
the ocean.
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22.1 Section Quiz.
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 22.1.
Continue to:
-or-
Launch:
Section Quiz
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22.1 Section Quiz.
1. Choose the correct words for the spaces.
Because carbon has ______ valence
electrons, it can form ______________
bonds.
a. four, four covalent
b. four, four ionic
c. six, six covalent
d. six, four or fewer covalent
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22.1 Section Quiz.
2. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only
___________ bonds.
a. carbon-carbon
b. single covalent
c. carbon-hydrogen
d. ionic
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22.1 Section Quiz
3. Choose the correct words for the spaces.
Hydrocarbons are highly soluble in
_______ solvents because they are
________ molecules.
a. nonpolar, nonpolar
b. nonpolar, polar
c. polar, nonpolar
d. polar, polar
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