Transcript Document
Rhonda Magel
Professor and Chair
Department of Statistics
Perna (2001)- theoretical
perspectives of salary studies
1st – Human capital theory-accomplishments of faculty
member (rank, number of publications, teaching
effectiveness, length of time in job, etc.)
2nd Structural Theory – characteristics of the
institution or subject area (type of university,
geographical location, academic area, etc.)
Studies involving both theories
have found gaps
Bellas (1993) – average female faculty salary
approximately 25% below average male salary
Barbezat and Hughes (2005)-controlled for several
factors and still found 17-23% of variation in faculty
salaries (with women making less) not accounted for
Pay Gap Significantly higher at research universites
(Barbezat and Hughes (2005)
Black Issues in Higher Ed (2005)
Reports similar findings to Barbezat and Hughes
(2005)
Women earn 96% of what men earn at community
colleges
89% of what men earn at baccalaureate institutions
87% of what men earn at master’s institutions
78% of what men earn at doctoral institutions
Travis, Gross Johnson (2009)
Women make less money than men in fields that are
traditionally considered female fields
Women make less money in science fields that have
few women
Time of Hire
Steinpreis, Anders, and Ritzke (1999) – both men and
women faculty rated male accomplishments higher
than female accomplishments for job applicants even
though equally qualified
Toumanoff (2005) – male faculty paid more at time of
hire
Toutkoushian and Moore (2008) – male faculty paid
more at time of hire but there is more of a gap later
Components in Relation to Salary
Kasten (1984) and Jauch (2007) found research has largest
effect on salaries; Jauch studied 23 “hard science”
disciplines and found faculty who had better research
evaluations spent more time on research and less time on
teaching – rewards went to faculty with stronger research
records
Fairweather (2005)- considered number of hours faculty
taught per week and number of research publications (not
fine arts)-found salary went down for those faculty who
taught an extra hour per week and went up with an
additional publication (particularly at research
universities)
Student Ratings of Instruction
Teaching mainly evaluated at research universities
through SROIs (Read, Rama, and Raghunandan 2001)
SROIs have gender bias (Brady and Eisler 1999;
Worthington 2002; Arbuckle and Williams 2003)
In younger faculty, men got better ratings than women
Gendered Expectations of Students
Female faculty must spend more time on teaching to
meet their gendered expectations (caring, nurturing,
available more often)
Male gendered expectations (funny, energetic,
intelligent) (Sprague and Massoni 2005; Laube,
Massoni, Sprague, and Ferber 2007)
Students expect female teachers to be available more
often (Burns-Glover and Veith 1995)
University Climate not as Good for
Women
Female faculty in STEM not supported in research as
much as Male faculty (Xu 2008)
Gander (1999) and Park (1996) also report less
research support
Female faculty have lower job satisfaction and not as
good of work climate (Settles, Cortina, Maley, Stewart
(2006); Valian (2005))
Female Faculty felt excluded from discussions at work
(Bronstein and Farnsworth (1998)
Climate (Continued)
Cress and Hart (2009) found that the climate within
the same department could be totally different for
female and male faculty
NDSU Study – Research
Productivity
Slobin, McCulla, Magel (2002)
Sampled 49 female faculty members at NDSU and
paired each of them with a male faculty member of
same rank in a similar discipline
Asked each faculty member to give number in each
category of presentations, publications, book chapters,
performances, etc. within the past two years – then
they were also asked to do that over their entire career
Findings
Paired difference in research productivity between
male and female faculty was not significant over a two
year period (although the sample average was lower for
female faculty)
Paired difference in research productivity between
male and female faculty was significant over a career
Female faculty appeared to loose a little ground every
year in terms of research productivity when compared
to male faculty
Perna (2001)
Found that females had fewer research
accomplishments over their career than males of the
same rank with similar experience controlling for
academic field and type of university
Proportion of time women spent on teaching
compared to research was higher than for men
Bellas and Toutkoushian (1999) found male faculty
spent 6% more time on research than female faculty
and 6% less time on teaching than female faculty
Other Countries
U.K. (Todd et al. (2008)) – found male faculty had a
much more realistic view of how they would be
evaluated (maybe because fewer women in higher
levels to mentor other women) – found female faculty
were more likely to work overtime on teaching because
they had to while male faculty were more likely to
work overtime on research because they wanted to
Sweden (Viefers et al. (2006)) – climate not conducive
to women faculty in physics
Van Anders (2004) - Canada
Theory
Female faculty spend on the average more time on
teaching than male faculty to meet the gendered
expectations of their students
Overall, support climate not as good for female faculty
and they are not kept as informed (maybe because
fewer women at higher levels to mentor other women)
As student ratings of instruction increase for female
faculty, their salary will decrease with the opposite
being true for male faculty
Changes in Percentages of Women
Mid 90’s – Approximately 3% of full professors were
women at NDSU
Fall 2011 – 11% of full professors were women
Mid 90-s – 7-8% of associate professors were women
Fall 2011 – 30% of associate professors were women
Work Life Survey – Early 2009
All tenured and tenure-track faculty given a chance to
respond
Faculty asked what percentages of time they presently
spend on the areas of teaching, research and service
and what percentages of time they would like to spend
Female faculty spent significantly more time on
teaching than they wanted to compared to male
faculty
Female faculty spent less time on research than they
wanted to compared to male faculty (but not
significant)
University Climate Score
Responses to 20 items on a scale of 1 to 4 – respected
by students, faculty, staff; feel isolated in the
University; excluded from informal network; research
is mainstream; etc.
Scores ranged from 20 to 80 (higher score better) with
50=“neutral”
Male – average 62.9
Female – average 56.2
Significant at .001 – no significant difference in
STEM/Non-STEM
Standardized SROI Scores
Z=(Class Average – Average for Class Level)/standard
deviation of class level
Standardized SROI scores averaged for every faculty
member teaching at least one class during 2008-2009
academic year
No significant differences in number of classes taught
by male and female faculty (2.85, 2.73)
Faculty Salary Study
Nine month faculty salaries regressed on Market
Salary, Rank, Whether or not in STEM, Average
standardized SROI score, gender, interaction between
gender and SROI score, race, number of classes
Number of Classes, Race taken out of model – not
significant
Findings
As the average standardized SROI score for male
faculty increased by 1 unit, salary increased by $1847
As the average standardized SROI score for female
faculty increased by 1 unit, salary decreased by $701.00
ADVANCE/FORWARD
Working on the entire university climate to try to get
everyone included
Course release grants – to give women more time to
work on research
Promotion to Professor seminars – to make sure
faculty know what is expected of them to be promoted
Mentoring groups – again to make sure faculty are
aware of what they need to do
SROIs – trying to get these changed to become less
gender biased
Advance/Forward
The number of women in full professor levels has
increased
The number of women at associate professor levels has
increased
The number of women in leadership positions has
increased
Questions???????