Transcript England: Tudor Queen and Stuart Kings

England: Tudor Queen and
Stuart Kings
1558 - 1688
Elizabeth I – “Virgin Queen”
 Elizabeth was daughter of Henry VIII
 Came to the throne after Mary Tudor, a catholic
 She faced a number of challenges in her rule of
England – What were her 4 main challenges?
4 Challenges
 Religious conflicts
 A rival queen, (her cousin Mary of Scots)
 Spanish ambitions
 Financial difficulties
Religious Issues
 Elizabeth compromised to meet demands of both
Catholics and Protestants – got Parliament to pass 2
religious laws to back her
 Act
of Uniformity – national Church of
England, (like her father had created), only
legal Church, all citizens must attend
 Act of Supremacy – Elizabeth is supreme
governor of the Church of England
Religious Compromise
 Elizabeth kept traditions of Catholicism and
Protestantism in the Church of England
 Allowed
priests to marry and preach in
English, who does this?
 Rich robes and golden crucifixes kept by
formal priests
 She cared more about loyalty of her subjects than
religion
Mary Stuart plots against Elizabeth
 Mary was a Catholic and plotted to
overthrow Elizabeth
 Elizabeth approved judge’s decision
 Mary Queen of Scots beheaded for trying
to overthrow her
 Mary was being supported by Spain
and devout Catholics who opposed
Elizabeth
Philip of Spain threatens England
 Philip II hoped to marry Elizabeth after Mary died,
(her sister Mary, not her cousin)
 Instead she encouraged Francis Drake, a pirate, to
steal from the Spanish empire in the Americas
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
 Elizabeth angered Philip II when she beheaded Mary
Queen of Scots and knighted Francis Drake
 Philip ordered an invasion of England
 Despite a huge naval force, the Spanish were unable to invade
England
Money Problems
 While Spain had a huge empire in the Americas to
collect gold and silver, England had money
problems
 England began to build an empire of their own and
set up joint-stock companies
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invest in a share of a company and collect a proportional
share of its profit, or lose it all!
East India Company is established
Parliament Asserts itself
 Puritans in Parliament did not
like Catholic traditions in the
Church Of England
 They demanded changes
 Puritans were a minority
 Queen refused changes
William Shakespeare
 Plays were put on in the
Globe Theater
 The people of England
enjoyed the plays of
Shakespeare
 Groundlings paid a penny
to stand in front of the
stage
Globe Theatre (original burned down in the Great Fire of 1666) This is
where Shakespeare’s plays were performed.
End of the Tudor Dynasty
 Elizabeth dies without ever having a child
 Her cousin James Stuart takes the throne of England
 James I was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, (he is
also King of Scotland, but keeps the two countries
separate)
Divine Right of KingsMONARCHS HAVE AUTHORITY TO RULE
FROM GOD, KINGS WERE NOT ANSWERABLE
TO THE PEOPLE
James I and Parliament
 James thought negotiating with Parliament was
beneath him
 Puritan Members of Parliament wanted changes in
the Church of England
 Parliament refused to give James I money to pay off
debts
King James Bible
 James appointed a group of
scholars to come up with a
single translation of the Bible
 Millions of English speaking
Protestants still use the King
James version of the Bible
Charles I Rules England
 1625 Charles I, son of James, inherits the throne and
his father’s problems
 He had more problems with Parliament, always
wanted $, but they refused to give him any and he
would NOT compromise for it
 He believed in the Divine Right of Kings
Charles I angers just about everyone
 Charles goes to war with France and Spain
 Parliament refuses to grant him funds and he
dismisses Parliament
 Demanded forced loans from nobles, jailed those
who didn’t pay up
 He quartered troops in private homes
Petition of Rights
 Desperate for $ for the war, Charles calls on
Parliament in 1628; they give him $ so long
as he signs the Petition of Rights:
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No forced loans or taxes without Parliaments’ consent
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No imprisonment without cause
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No housing soldiers in private homes
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No martial law in times of peace
Charles dismisses Parliament for 11 years
 Charles used fees and fines to raise money
 Could not get along with Parliament or Puritans
Laud’s Error
 The Scots were when an English priest tried to make
them worship the Church of England and threatened
to attack England
 Charles needed money to meet this danger so he
called Parliament
Parliament gets revenge on Charles
 Parliament passed laws limiting the power of the
king instead of raising money
 The king tried to arrest leaders in Parliament, but
was unsuccessful
 Londoners were outraged and the city became unsafe
for Charles – he fled to the North and raised an army
England’s Civil War – Cavaliers vs.
Roundheads
 Cavaliers- Kings Forces
 Roundheads (due to their
Haircuts (similar to Jim Carey
in “dumb and dumber)
English Civil War
1642-1649
 Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army v. King’s
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Forces
100,000 Died in battle – much more radical
feelings take hold
Puritans majority of Cromwell’s Army
Nobles and Church Officials majority of Kings
Army
Charles I- Tried and Executed, (1st time ever a
King has public trial and execution)
 Cromwell Wins!
Oliver Cromwell
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Puritan
Led the New Model Army
Fought Charles I
Disrespected Parliament
Became Military Dictator- LORD PROTECTOR
Cromwell as Lord Protector
 Ran a Strict Govt.
 Believed
in Religious Liberty (people can choose
their religion)
 Raised Taxes w/out Parliament
 Disbanded Parliament, created his own
government
 Imprisoned people w/out Trial
 Fought and defeated Irish Catholics in Ireland
 Strict social laws in London (no dancing, theatre
etc…) Puritan laws
Richard Cromwell
 1658 -Took over for his Father, Oliver
 Lord Protector
 Unable to effectively rule- Parliament
forced him out (1660)
Charles II (1660-1685)
The Restoration
 Charles I family had fled to Catholic France
 Charles II and his brother James were raised
in France

They secretly agreed to become Catholic (deal with
French King, Louis XIV (14) who was secretly giving
him money)
 Parliament brought back Charles II and
restored his family to the ThroneRestoration
Charles II as a Ruler
 Reasonable ruler, sought to give more religious
liberty
 Upset Parliament that didn’t like Catholicism
 Arts flourished
 Law providing for Habeas Corpus (see US
Constitution) Passed by Parliament
 People could no longer be placed in Jail and not
given a trial
Development of Political Parties
 Charles dies w/out an heir-always a problem
 Political parties develop as a result of the
conflict over who will get to rule England
when Charles dies
 (roots of our political party system today)
James II (1685-1688)
 Brother of Charles II
 Political Parties combine to oust James II
from power (he is Catholic)
 His 1st daughter, Mary, (Protestant) living in the
Netherlands with her husband, William, is brought
over to rule.
(what American city was named for James II??? Hint: Before he was James II he
was the Duke of __ ___ ___ ___). Because there was already a city with the
same name in England this American city’s name begins with the word “New”)
A Catholic on the Throne is Dangerous!
 James’s oldest child was Protestant
 Has another child (a son) while King- This Child is
Catholic
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Causes Fear that Catholicism will be restored
 James appointed Catholics to high office- Upset
Parliament
 Like Charles I, suspends Parliament from meeting> Demands for James removal
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
1688
 Little Bloodshed during the removal of James II
 “GLORIOUS REVOLUTION”
 William and Mary- will have less power than James II
and his brother Charles II
John Locke writes the English Bill of Rights. This
places more limits on the power of the King and Queen
 Winners – Parliament and Protestantism
 Losers- Monarchy, Catholicism and James II
English (Bill of Rights) 1688
Declaration of Rights
 King can’t suspend the laws of Parliament (see Declaration of
Independence)
 Parliament had to meet frequently (US Constitution)
 Elections should be free and fair (US Constitution)
 Debates in parliament should be subject to freedom of speech
(US Constitution
 No Taxes without approval of Parliament (see US Constitution)
 No Standing Army without approval of Parliament (See US
Constitution)
 No excessive Bail (see US 8th Amendment)
(These and other laws provide the foundation for the US
Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution)
Thomas Hobbes
All Powerful Monarch
Leviathan- Sea
Monster
Leaders are given Power by the People (Social
Contract)
 People are NASTY, BRUTISH AND GREEDY
 Therefore,
Leaders need to be incredibly Powerful
 If two people, individually go out to hunt a deer, they
are more likely to kill each other than work together
to capture a deer
 Hobbes
saw people at their worst- He lived in a
very bloody and murderous time (English Civil
War)
John Locke
Political Writer and Philosopher
 Optimistic about Man and Society
 Man is good, ability to use REASON
 Society did not need an Absolute Monarch, the best
government is a limited Government.
 Essays on Government (1690)
 Government is subject to the People (Social Contract)
 People have Natural Rights- Include Life and Liberty
 Government should protect Life, Liberty and Property
 Power of Government should be LIMITED
 Revolution is justified if Government fails to properly
Govern
 Wrote the English Bill of Rights (also called the
Declaration of Rights)
Is Revolution Ok?
 What is the best form of government?
 Should people be able to decide for themselves?
 How much control should the government have over
our lives?