Transcript Crusades
Crusades Review – study your packet and the sheet we are completing today Listing goals and contributing factors What are the four contributing factors of the Crusades 1. Feudalism 2. Chivalry 3. Religious idealism 4. Weakening of the Byzantine empire What is a crusade? Military expedition What territory was taken by the Seljuk Turks, which prompted the first Crusade? Holy Land / Jerusalem From which city did the Pope st preach for the 1 Crusade Clermont, So. France What Pope called for the first Crusade? Pope Urban II Who actually sent the pope a letter asking him to call a crusade? Alexius the Byzantine Emperor Why did the Byzantine Emperor ask for the pope’s help? To fight the Seljuk Turks (Muslims) What did the Crusaders shout? God Wills It! What did the Pope say the Crusaders should be marked with and shout? Crusiata & God Wills It! What were the popes goals for calling a crusade? 1. Show power/strength to call a crusade 2. Conquer the Holy Land 3. Reunite the Byzantine and Roman Catholic churches under his leadership 4. Stop Christians from killing Christians by giving them a real enemy to fight – the infidel Saracens 5. Unite Byzantines under the pope’s banner What were a Knight’s goals? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Religious zeal – God Wills It Win glory in battle Win wealth Excitement of new lands Business opportunities All sins forgiven if you die What were the merchants goals? • Win control of key trade routes • Gain wealth The goals of Popes and Knights According to the pope Christ demanded this Crusade All who died on the Crusade would have immediate remission of sins The pope’s point – too many Christians were fighting Christians – The pope suggested they should fight infidels One result of the Crusades was the rise of royal power. What caused it? Decline in the number of nobles and their loss of economic power due to financing their crusades How did religious intolerance increase? Hostility between Muslims and Christians continued What group of people will continue to be scapegoats even after the Crusades ended? Jews Which three religions regard Jerusalem and Palestine as holy? Islam/Muslim Judaism/Jews Christianity/Christians Which of these three groups will continue to control the Holy Land Muslims / Islam At first their leadership was strengthened but the failure of the Crusades will lead to a decline of their power? Popes How did the Crusades cause a decline in the power and prestige of the Byzantine Empire 4th Crusade led to the sack of Constantinople They regained their independence but not their power and prestige What area/country became a commercial trading center because of the Crusades? Italy What did the Italians often do to the later Crusades so their trade would not be disrupted? Sabotaged them First Crusade • Called by Pope Urban II after receiving as letter from Alexius, the Byzantine Emperor • • • • • • No Kings – excommunicated Nobles went Long Journey to the Holy Land Battle won them Jerusalem Set up a Crusader kingdom using feudalism Only Successful Crusade Peasant Crusade • Leaders: Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless • Part of the First Crusade • Unruly group of Crusaders killed Jews and attacked towns on their way to Constantinople • Never reached the Holy Land • Unsuccessful Second Crusade • Leaders: Louis VII of France whose wife Eleanor of Aquataine joined him • Conrad III, Holy Roman Emperor • The leaders fought separately and were always quarreling • Unsuccessful Third Crusade • Leaders: Richard I the Lion Hearted of England - most successful European leader of this crusade (the only one who actually fought), kidnapped and held for ransom on his way home. • Philip II Augustus of France – fell ill and returned to France • Frederick I Barbarossa the Holy Roman Emperor – drowns on his way to the Holy Land • Saladin, Saracen (Muslim) leader • This Crusade of three kings ended up being fought by only 1 king Richard, who negotiated a truce allowing Christian pilgrims to visit holy places. • Jerusalem remained in Muslim Control (unsuccessful) Fourth Crusade • Called by Pope Innocent III • French knights were transported by the Venetians • Crusaders never made it to the Holy Land • They attacked two Christian cities, Zara and Constantinople • Unsuccessful Children’s Crusade • Leaders: Stephen of France and Nicholas of Germany • These Crusaders met many nasty fates. Some drown, some were eaten by wolves, and others were sold into slavery • Unsuccessful Sixth Crusade • Called by Pope Gregory IX • Lead by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor • Leader spoke Arabic and negotiated a peace settlement transferring Jerusalem to the Christians without shedding any blood • Pope refused to recognize the treaty since Frederick II was under excommunication for not going on the 5th Crusade • Unsuccessful Seventh and Eighth Crusades • Leader: Louis IX (St. Louis of France) • • • • • Louis leads both Crusades Crusades aimed at Egypt / North Africa Captured and held until ransom is paid Never makes it to the Holy Land Unsuccessful