Transcript Cortes & Montezuma, 1519

Chapter 7
The American Revolution
MAP 7.1 Campaign for New York and New Jersey, 1775–77
MAP 7.2 Northern Campaigns, 1777–1778
MAP 7.3 Fighting in the West, 1778–79
MAP 7.4 Fighting in the South, 1778–81
MAP 7.5 State Claims to
Western Lands The ratification
of the Articles of Confederation in
1781 awaited settlement of the
western claims of eight states.
Vermont, claimed by New
Hampshire and New York, was
not made a state until 1791, after
disputes were settled the
previous year. The territory north
of the Ohio River was claimed in
whole or in part by Virginia, New
York, Connecticut, and
Massachusetts. All of them had
ceded their claims by 1786,
except for Connecticut, which
had claimed an area just south of
Lake Erie, known as the Western
Reserve; Connecticut ceded this
land in 1800. The territory south
of the Ohio was claimed by
Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia; in 1802,
the latter became the last state to
cede its claims.
MAP 7.6 North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1783 The map of European and American
claims to North America was radically altered by the results of the American Revolution.
MAP 7.7 The Northwest Territory and the Land Survey System of the United States
The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an ordered system of survey (revised by the Northwest
Ordinance of 1787), dividing the land into townships and sections.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an ordered system of survey (revised by the Northwest
Ordinance of 1787), diving the land into townships and sections.
Jean Baptiste Antoine de Verger, a French officer serving with the Continental Army, made
these watercolors of American soldiers during the Revolution. Some 200,000 men saw
action, including at least 5,000 African Americans; more than half of these troops served with
the Continental Army. SOURCE:Anne S.K.Brown Military Collection,John Hay Library,Brown University.
John Singleton Copley’s portrait of
Mercy Otis Warren captured her at
the age of thirty-six, in 1765. During
the Revolution, her home in Boston
was a center of patriotic political
activity.
SOURCE:John Singleton Copley,U.S.,1738 –1815.Mrs.James Warren (Mercy
Otis),ca.1763.Oil on canvas.in.(130.1 •104.1 cm). Bequest of Winslow Warren.Courtesy of
Museum of Fine Art,Boston. 51 1 4 *41
A Patriot mob torments Loyalists in this print
published during the Revolution. One favorite
punishment was the “grand Tory ride,” in
which a crowd hauled the victim through the
streets astride a fence rail. In another, men
were stripped to “buff and breeches” and their
naked flesh coated liberally with heated tar
and feathers.
SOURCE:The Granger Collection.
Joseph Brant, the brilliant chief
of the Mohawks who sided with
Great Britain during the
Revolution, in a 1786 painting by
the American artist Gilbert
Stuart. After the Treaty of Paris,
Brant led a large faction of
Iroquois people north into British
Canada, where they established
a separate Iroquois
Confederacy.
SOURCE:Gilbert Stuart.Joseph Brant,1786.Oil on canvas,30 “ x 25”. New York
State Historical Association,Cooperstown.
This American cartoon, published during the Revolution, depicts “the Scalp Buyer,” Colonel
Henry Hamilton, paying bounties to Indians. In fact, Indian warriors were not simply pawns of
the British but fought for the same reasons the Patriots did—for political independence,
cultural integrity, and protection of land and property. SOURCE:The Bostonian Society/Old State House.
In 1845 Artist William Ranney depicted a famous moment durng the Battle of Cowpens that
took place in January 1781. Lieutenant Colonel William Washington, leader of the Patriot
calvary and a relative of George Washingtn, was attacked by a squadron of British dragons.
As Washington was about to be cut down, he was saved by his servant William Ball, but he
was one of a number of African Americans who fought on the Patriot side in the battle.
SOURCE:Courtesy South Carolina State House.
John Trumbull’s Yorktown Surrender, 1797. Trumbull, who prided himself on the accuracy of
his work, included Cornwallis in the center of this painting. Later, when he learned that
Cornwallis had not been present, he attempted to correct the error by changing the color of
the uniform to blue, thereby making “Cornwallis” into an American general.
The Continental Congress printed currency to finance
the Revolution. Because of widespread counterfeiting,
engravers attempted to incorporate complex designs,
like the unique vein structure in the leaf on this
eighteen-pence note. In case that wasn’t enough, the
engraver of this note also included the warning: “To
counterfeit is Death.”
SOURCE:Library of Congress.
By giving the vote to “all free inhabitants,” the 1776 constitution of New Jersey enfranchised
women as well as men who met the property requirements. The number of women voters
eventually led to male protests. Wrote one: “What tho’ we read, in days of yore, / The
woman’s occupation / Was to direct the wheel and loom, / Not to direct the nation.” In 1807, a
new state law explicitly limited the right of franchise to “free white male citizens.” SOURCE:CORBIS.
This portrait of the African American
poet Phillis Wheatley was included in
the collection of her work published
in London in 1773, when she was
only twenty. Kidnapped in Africa
when a girl, then purchased off the
Boston docks, she was more like a
daughter than a slave to the
Wheatley family. She later married
and lived as a free woman of color
before her untimely death in 1784.
SOURCE:Bettman/CORBIS.