Cost of Sensor Networks

$ Computing Power Mesh Networking Installation, Connection and Commissioning Sensors Time

Low Data Rate WPAN Applications (Zigbee) security HVAC AMR lighting control access control

BUILDING AUTOMATION

asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL

patient monitoring fitness monitoring

PERSONAL HEALTH CARE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

TV VCR DVD/CD remote

PC & PERIPHERALS

mouse keyboard joystick

RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL

security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

• IEEE 802.15.4

• Zigbee • TinyOS • ISA SP100 • HART Standards

Zigbee • Zigbee 1.0 ratified in 2004 • Great marketing tool, but… – Nothing interoperable yet – “Zigbee” products typically aren’t • Everything shipped to date is IEEE 802.15.4 + proprietary MAC • Lost industrial automation in 2005 • Losing building automation in 2006?

• Fighting Zensys in home automation • Latest: Zigbee Pro – “The stack that works”  – Hot debate on frequency hopping

University Demos – Results of 100 man-years of research

Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. vs.

What went wrong?

• Reliability

• • •

• Power

Security Cost Size Academic: • Repeatability • Intractability – “It takes roughly 2.5 PhDs to get a new sensor network project to work. This has to change.” - Sam Madden, MIT

Reliability • Understand the RF environment in the context of Murphy’s Law • Use redundancy – Time – Frequency – Space • Results: >99.9% end-to-end reliability in harsh environments

Power 25 20 15 10

X

cc1000 5

X Otis 05 (0.4mA) Molnar 04 (0.4mA) X

100k 200k

X

cc2420 With software: 10 years  D cell With software: 10 years  coin cell

Cook 06 (300

m

W) X

300k Bit rate (bps)

Security • AES 128 – Confidentiality – Integrity – Authenticity • Public Key Infrastructure – Certification – Key exchange

System Cost, 2005 • Single-chip mote – Processor, memory – 2.4G radio (not 802.15.4) – Software?

Single-chip Passives PCB Assembly & Test Battery

Total

$1.50

$0.20

$0.20

$0.10

$2

Chevron’s Richmond Refinery 1 km

GW

Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit • Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft • Expanded to 27 units, implemented 14 to start • No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity • Gateway connected via Ethernet port in control room to process control network • Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices

ISA Expo Wireless HART Demo October 2006

Emerson (Fully integrated + Battery powered) Wireless HART Demo, ISA Expo 2006 12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ SmartMesh XT MACTek Siemens (Fully Integrated + Battery powered) Phoenix Contact Endress+ Hauser Elpro Yokogawa Siemens (Gateway + Mgmt) ABB Honeywell Smar Pepperl+ Fuchs

Excerpts from Customer Presentations at the Emerson Process Users Conference October 2-5, 2006

Next generation capabilities • Coming soon: – 32 bit ARM; 1MB flash; 64kB RAM – 2.4GHz RF, bps to Mbps, ~1nJ/bit – ~ m s synchronization across network – ~ 1 meter location accuracy – < 10mm 2 – 1 m A in-network average current consumption • Baby version – 32 bit ARM; 128kB Flash; 8kB RAM – Same RF, same power – 2mm 2 ?

Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) • Goals: – Standard CMOS – Low power – Minimal external components

antenna ~$1 Temp uP SRAM Amp ADC Radio ~2 mm^2 ASIC battery inductor crystal

Single-chip 802.15.4 motes • Atmel • Chipcon (TI) • Ember • Freescale • Jennic • Oki • …