Transcript Intelligence

Intelligence
What makes us smart?
Or not so smart?
DEFINING INTELLIGENCE
Exactly what makes up
intelligence is a matter of
debate
David Wechsler’s Definition
Act purposefully
Think rationally
Deal effectively with the
environment
Street Smart
Book Smart
Theories of Intelligence
 No one real definition
 Fluid versus
Crystallized
Intelligence
 4 main theoretical
concepts of
intelligence….
Charles Spearman and his G factor
 Used factor analysis
and discovered that
what we see as many
different skills is
actually one General
Intelligence.
Jack Bauer is good at
torturing, bomb
defusing, shooting,
figuring out evil plots
and saving the country
(and he is good
looking). Is there
anything he cannot do?
 If you are good at one
subject you are
usually good at many
others.
EARLY THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
 L. L. Thurstone
 Believed that intelligence is made
up of seven distinct, independent
abilities: Spatial ability, perceptual
speed, numerical ability, verbal
meaning, memory, word fluency,
reasoning
7
Different
abilities!
 Thurstone did not believe in a GFactor, but researchers who scored
well in one of the seven areas
tended to score well on others.
Howard Gardner and Multiple
Intelligences
 Gardner believed that
there exists at least 7
different types of
intelligences.
1.
Linguistic
2.
Logical-mathematical
3.
Spatial
4.
Musical
5.
Body-kinesthetic
6.
Intrapersonal
7.
Interpersonal
8.
Naturalist
CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE:
HOWARD GARDNER
Robert Sternberg and his
Triarchic Theory
 Most commonly
accepted theory
today.
 Three types of
intelligence
1.
Analytical
2.
Creative
3.
Practical
Creativity
Defined as the ability to produce novel
and socially valued ideas or objects
Creativity and Intelligence – Early studies
suggested that there was little
relationship
IQ of at least 120 required to be creative,
but it doesn’t mean you will be!
Creativity
Creativity Tests –
Open-ended questions; scoring is based upon the
number and originality of a person’s answers
Torrance Test – Individuals explain a picture, its origins, and
consequences
Mednick’s Remote Association Test (RAT) – given three words –
you come up with a fourth word that the other three can be
combined with e.g. hand, lone, win (answer = some)
Sternberg’s Components of creativity
Expertise
Imaginative thinking skills
A venturesome personality
Intrinsic motivation
A creative environment
Goleman and his EQ
 Emotional Intelligence
 Interpersonal and
intrapersonal
intelligences.
 Maybe EQ is a better
predictor for future
success than IQ.
Comparing Contemporary Theories
Gardner’s Multiple
Intelligences
Sternberg’s
Triarchic
Intelligences
Goleman’s
Emotional
Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical Analytical
Linguistic
Spatial
Musical
Body-Kinesthetic
Creative
Interpersonal
Practical
Intrapersonal
Recognizing
emotions in others
and managing
relationships
Knowing, managing,
and motivating
yourself with
emotions
Brain Size and Intelligence
Is there a link?
 Small +.15 correlation
between head size and
intelligence scores
(relative to body size).
 Using an MRI we found
+.44 correlation with
brain size and IQ score.
INTELLIGENCE TESTS:
BINET AND SIMON
 First test of intelligence,
developed to identify
children who might have
difficulty in school
 Binet developed the concept
of mental age in children
 Mental Age = age at which
you perform intellectually may or may not correspond
with chronological age
 Goal was to use intelligence
tests to improve children’s
educational experience – not
limit their opportunities with
harmful labels.
Brain Function and
Intelligence
 Higher performing
brains are less active
than lower performing
brains (use less
glucose).
 Neurological speed is
also a bit quicker.
Problems with the IQ
Formula
• It does not really work well on adults, why?
If a 60 year old man
does as well as an average 35 year old
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
That makes no sense!!!!!
Wechsler Tests
 More common way to
give IQ tests….does
not use the formula
but uses the same
scoring system.
 WAIS
 WISC
 WPPSI
INTELLIGENCE TESTS:
WESCHLER SCALES
 The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS) is the most commonly used
test of intelligence for adults
 WAIS is divided into to 11 parts that
focus on verbal abilities and on
performance skills
 Also a version for children, Wechsler
Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
INTELLIGENCE TESTS:
WESCHLER SCALES
Normal Distribution
The Flynn Effect
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
 Reliability - Ability of a test to provide
consistent and stable scores
 Test-retest reliability – a method of measuring
reliability where the same individual is given the test
on two different occasions and scores are
compared. Similarity in scores indicates good testretest reliability
 Split-half reliability – method of measuring reliability
where the individual takes one test that is divided in
half. Performance on each half is compared for
similarity.
 Alternate-form reliability – two different but similar
forms of the test are given on separate occasions
and scores are compared for similarity.
PRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
 Validity - Ability of a test to measure what it
purports to measure
Content validity – tests ability to cover the
complete range of material (content) it is
supposed to measure
Predictive validity – how well a test score
predicts an individual’s performance in the
future
Correlation between SAT scores and first-year
grades in college? +.5 – not great!
Correlation between GRE and grad school
grades? +.4 – even worse!
Scoring the IQ Test
Raw Score - number of questions
answered correctly; doesn’t tell much
about performance
Standard Score - score that tells you how
you did compared to other test takers – a
much better read of performance
Percentile Score - what percentage of
test takers you scored better than
What does it mean to score in the 85th
percentile?
INTELLIGENCE:
STABILITY OR CHANGE?
Intellectual ability does not seem to
stabilize until age 7, but by age 4
performance on intelligence tests
seems to predict future performance
Ian Deary study seems to establish that
intelligence does remain relatively
stable over time.
 All 10.5-11.5 year-olds in Scotland tested in 1932
 Follow up on the survivors done as recently as 2004
indicates intelligence tests remained consistent
Extremes of Intelligence
 Akrit Jaswal
Extremes of Intelligence:
Giftedness
Definition
top 3% of IQ scores, typically over 132,
Superior IQ combined with ability in academics,
creativity, and leadership
Giftedness is often in specific areas
“Globally” gifted people are rare
Some gifted children feel isolated and lonely, but
most are well adjusted
Specialized Programs of Study?
EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE: MENTAL
RETARDATION (INTELLECTUAL DISBAILITY)
 Definition
 IQ < 70; lowest 3% of IQ scores
 not a result of accident
 onset before age 18
 substantial limitations in functioning
 Causes – drug abuse during pregnancy, genetic disorders such
as Down Syndrome, lack of fetal nutrition
 Levels
 Mild - 90% of cases
 Moderate - 6% of cases
 Severe - 3% of cases
 Profound - 1% of cases
 Some people with retardation show savant performance on
particular skills
EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE: MENTAL
RETARDATION (INTELLECTUAL DISBAILITY)
Education and the Law
 All children are entitled to an education that is…
 FREE
 PUBLIC
 APPROPRIATE
 Mainstreaming
 keeping special needs kids in regular ed classes for
whatever subject areas/activities they can handle
 Inclusion
 rather than taking special needs kids out of regular ed
classes for support, bring support personnel into regular
ed classes so kids can stay with their peers.
 Leveling
 separating children by ability into different classes
How do we construct an
Intelligence Test?
 Standardized: the
questions have been
piloted on similar
populations and the
scores fall on a normal
distribution.
 Reliable: Test-Retest,
Split-halves Methods.
 Validity: Content,
Predictive or
Construct.
Types of Tests
Aptitude
 Measure ability or
potential.
Achievement
 Tests that measure
what you have learned.
APTITUDE VS. ACHIEVEMENT?
 Achievement tests measure what you have already learned
 Aptitude tests measure your potential to learn.
 There is a positive correlation between aptitude tests results and
intelligence tests.
 e.g. correlation between SAT and IQ?
Does Intelligence Change
Over Time?
By age 3, a child’s IQ
can predict
adolescent IQ scores.
Depends on the type
of intelligence,
crystallized or fluid.
DETERMINANTS OF INTELLIGENCE:
NATURE
Biological similarities in
Adoption Studies
IQ scores of child more closely
correlated with biological
mother than adoptive mother.
Identical Twins reared apart
after identical twins reared
together, identical twins reared
apart have the highest
correlation of IQ scores.
Correlation of IQ Scores of
Family Members