Transcript Slide 1

AP European History
Chapter 21:
Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830-1850)
Pg#646-680
Key Topics
A. The development of
industrialization and its
effects on the organization of
labor and the family.
B. The changing roles of women
in industrial society.
C. The establishment of police
forces and reforms of
prisons.
D. Early developments in
European socialism.
E. The Revolution of 1848.
Chapter Outlines
I. Toward Industrial Society
II. The labor force
III. Family structures and the
Industrial Revolution
IV. Women in the early
Industrial Revolution
V. Problems of crime and order
VI. Classical economics
VII.Early socialism
VIII.1848: Year of Revolution
IX. In perspective
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
proletarianization
confection
London Working Men’s Association
cottage industries
English Factory Act of 1833
Utopian Socialists
anarchism
utilitarianism
Pan-Slavism
Marxism
David Ricardo
Thomas Malthus
Adam Smith
Saint-Simonianism
Owenism
Toward Industrial Society
I. England: “The World’s workshop”
Modern effects of the “enclosure system”
English “enclosure system”
Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1800
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
British Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright:
“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The Water Frame
Factory Production
I. Concentrates production in one place
[materials, labor].
a. Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
b. Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.
c. Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Textile Factory Workers in
England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
The Factory System
•
Rigid schedule.
•
12-14 hour day.
•
Dangerous conditions.
•
Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile Factory Workers
British Coin Portraying a Factory
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Jacquard’s Loom
New Inventions of the
Industrial Revolution
Power Loom
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
New Inventions of the
Industrial Revolution
Steam tractor
James Watt’s steam engine
New Inventions of the
Industrial Revolution
Steam ship
Early steam engine(locomotive)
New Inventions of the
Industrial Revolution
Later locomotives
Impact of the Railroad
“The Great Land Serpent”
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace:
British Ingenuity on Display
Crystal Palace: American
Pavilian
19c Bourgeoisie:
The Industrial Nouveau Riche
Criticism of the Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman-1858
The New Industrial City
Early-19c London
by Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Housing in Newcastle
Today
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A
Dickensian Nightmare!
Protests/Reformers
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite “Triangle”
Key
Chartist
settlements
Centres of
Chartism
Area of plug riots,
1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”
I. Drafted in 1838 by William
Lovett.
a. Radical campaign for
Parliamentary reform of
the inequalities created
by the Reform Bill of 1832.
b. Votes for all men.
c. Equal electoral districts.
d. Abolition of the
requirement that
Members of Parliament
[MPs] be property
owners.
e. Payment for Members of
Parliament.
f. Annual general elections.
g. The secret ballot.
The Anti-Corn League, 1845






Give manufactures more
outlets for
their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture
more
efficient and productive.
Expose trade and
agriculture to
foreign competition.
Promote international
peace through
trade contact.
The New Ways of Thinking

Population growth
will
outpace the food
supply.

War, disease, or
famine
could control
population.

The poor should
have
less children.

Food supply will
then keep up with
population.
David Ricardo
•
“Iron Law of
Wages.”
•
When wages are
high,
workers have
more
children.
•
More children
create a
large labor
surplus that
depresses
wages.
The Utilitarians:
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

The goal of
society is the
greatest good
for the greatest
number.

There is a role
to play for
government
intervention to
provide some
social safety
net.
The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists

People as a society
would operate and
own the
means of
production, not
individuals.

Their goal was a
society that
benefited
everyone, not just a
rich, wellconnected few.

Tried to build
perfect
communities
[utopias].
Carl Marx
Friedrich Engeles
The Revolutions of 1848
“The Springtime of Peoples”
1. The “Hegelian Dialectic”
a. History advances through conflict.
b. One phase of history creates its
opposite [ex: absolutism to
democracy].
Antithesis
Thesis
George Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegel
[1744-1803]
Synthesis
Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Term
2. Industrialization
a. Economic challenges to rulers.
b. Rapid urbanization.
c. Challenges to the artisan class.
3. Population doubled in the 18c
a. Food supply problems  Malthus
4. Ideological Challenges
a. Liberalism, nationalism, democracy,
socialism.
5. Romanticism
6. Repressive Measures
a. Carlsbad Decrees [Prus.]
b. Six Acts [Eng.]
c. Secret police created in many
European states.
Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term
7. Agricultural Crises
a. Poor cereal harvests
b. prices rose 60% in one
year.
c. Potato blight  Ireland
d. Prices rose 135% for food
in one year!
8. Financial Crises
a. Investment bubbles burst
 railways, iron, coal.
b. Unemployment increased
rapidly [esp. among
the artisan class].
Prince Metternich of Austria
Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term
No Coherent Organized
Revolutions
9. Many different reasons for
revolutionary activities.
10. Reactions to long- and shortterm causes.
a. Competing ideologies in
different countries.
11. Different revolutionary leaders,
aims, and goals in different
countries.
12. Some countries had no
revolutions:
a. England.
b. Russia.
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
1)
Great Britain (England,
Scotland, Wales), pioneer in
industrialization
a. colonial empire, expanding
Atlantic trade, mercantilist
system of trade
b. cheap costs for food, more
money to spend on other items
besides necessities
c. available capital, stable govt.,
economic freedom, mobile
labor force
d. Industrial Revolution began
Great Britain, 1780’s, European
Continent after 1815
The First Factories
2)
The First Factoriesa. world demand for textiles led
to creation of world’s first
factories
b. putting-out system could not
keep up with demand
c. working conditions in
factories worse than working at
home; factories viewed as
poorhouses
The First Factories
3) Child Labor in the Industrial
Revolution
a. abandoned children became
prime source of labor in early
factories
b. “apprenticed” workers typically
worked 12-14 hours a day
The Problems of Energy
4)
The Search for Energya. Through early part of 18th
century, wood used as primary
fuel
b. rapid depletion of forests in
England led to need for new
sources
c. coal, found in the ground,
became new source for
England(and later the world)
The Steam Engine
5)
Steam Engine Breakthrough
a. prior to 1700, coal used only as
heating fuel
b. coal extracted from ground by
one miner (in one day) could
create 27 day’s worth of energy
c. early steam engines (Savery1698, Newcomen-1705) were
inefficient but useful convertors
of coal into energy
d. James Watt-1760’s, increased
efficiency of steam engine,
began mass production
e. steam engines used in all
facets of production, all
industries (example-textile)
Newcomen Steam engine
The Steam Engine
f. Stevenson’s steam powered Rocket
Europe’s first locomotive
g. used on Liverpool-Manchester railway
to haul cargo/passengers
h. 16 miles per hour
i. railroad meant lower transportation
costs, larger markets, cheaper goods
Industrialization
and the Population Boom
Industry and
6)
Populationa. 1851 Great Exposition, held
in Crystal Palace, reflected
growth of industry and
population in Britain and
confirmed that Britain was
“workshop of the world”
b. GNP(gross national
product) grew by 400% and
population boomed, though
average consumption grew
only by 75%
c. Malthus argued population
would always exceed food
supply
d. Ricardo said wages would
always be low
e. both proved to be wrong in
Thomas Malthus
long run
Ricardo
The New Factory Workers
7)
Workersa. Romantic poets (Blake &
Wordsworth) protested life of workers
as well as pollution
b. Luddites smashed machinery, set
fires to factories
c. fear that workers would lose work to
factories
e. diet improved, as did supply of
clothing, but housing, conditions of
work bad as was exploitation of
workers
f. working in factory meant more
discipline, less personal freedom,
“factory whistle became time clock of
life”
g. urban factories attracted whole
families who all worked on same siteeveryone worked long hours
h. men emerged as primary “bread
winners” as women likely to stay home
once married, had children
The New Factory Workers
i.
8)
women confined to lowpaying jobs, often dead-end
Why?
a. “patriarchal tradition”. Men
leaders of families(came out
of guilds systems-precursor to
unions)
b. perceived focus of women
on child-rearing
The New Factory Workers
Unionization of Workers
9) Unionization of Workersa. early attempts at unionization
unsuccessful
b. Combination Act of 1799
outlawed unions and strikes
c. 1813-1814 laws ended wage
regulations and allowed labor
markets to be flooded with
women and children
d. Combination Acts repealed
1824
e. early unions (created by
Robert Owen) included national
union of workers (GNCTU) and
after 1851 craft unions won
benefits for workers
f. Chartism was worker’s political
movement which sought universal male
suffrage, shorter working hours, cheap
bread
V. French Utopian Socialism
1. Socialism began in France with
the goal of overthrowing
individualism with cooperation
and a sense of community
2. French socialists proposed a
system of greater economic
equality planned by the
Fourier
Saintgovernment
Simon
a. believed rich and poor
4. Blanc believed that the state should
should be more nearly equal
set up government-backed workeconomically
shops and factories to guarantee
b. believed that private
employment
property should be abolished
5. Anarchist Proudhon claimed that
3. Saint-Simon & Fourier
property was profit that was stolen
proposed planned socialist
from the worker and that the
communities
worker was the source of all wealth
Communism
What is a Revolution?
 A complete change in the way things are done
(Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Russian
Revolution)
 Sometimes peaceful
 Sometimes violent
 Russian Revolution = the overthrow of the Tsar’s
government and the establishment of Communist Rule
Communism
Karl Marx
 Spontaneous revolution
of the working class
 “Let the ruling classes
tremble at the prospect
of a communist
revolution. Proletarians
have nothing to lose but
their chains. They have
the world to win.
Proletarians of all lands,
unite!”
Communism:
Communist Manifesto 1848
1. Abolition of property in land and
application of all rents of land to
public purposes.
2. A heavy progressive or graduated
income tax.
3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
4. Confiscation of the property of all
emigrants and rebels.
Communism:
Communist Manifesto:
5. Centralization of credit in the banks of the
state, by means of a national bank with state
capital and an exclusive monopoly.
6. Centralization of the means of communication
and transport in he hands of the state.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of
production owned by the state; the bringing
into cultivation of waste lands, and the
improvement of the soil generally in
accordance with a common plan.
8. Equal obligation of all to work. Establishment
of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
Communism:
Communist Manifesto:
9. Combination of agriculture with
manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of
all the distinction between town and country
by a more equable distribution of the
populace over the country.
10. Free education for all children in public
schools. Abolition of children's factory labour
in its present form. Combination of education
with industrial production, etc.