Transcript Renaissance (Rebirth) 1450 – 1600

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Inside St-Peter's Basilica The
altar with Bernini's
baldacchino
Bernini's canopy (Baldacchino) above
St. Peters tomb, St. Peters Basilica,
Rome
http://www.freefoto.com/images/14/27/14_27_57---Inside-the-St--Peter-s-Basilica--Rome--Italy_web.jpg?&k=Inside+the+St.+Peter%27s+Basilica%2C+Rome%2C+Italy
The Dome of St. Peter's rises to a total height of 136
metres from the floor of the basilica to the top of
the external cross. This makes it the tallest dome in
the world.
St. Peter's Basillica, Rome, Italy.
His remains are in a box in this
area

The Renaissance is considered to have started
in Florence, Italy around the years 1350 to 1400.
The start of the Renaissance also was the end of
the Middle Ages.

The people in Florence began to think differently
about life.

They studied the writings and works of the
Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier
civilizations had lived differently.
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

This new way of thinking was called Humanism.

Humanists believed that life could be enjoyable.

They believed that people should be educated and
that things like art, music, and science could make
life better for everyone.

This was a real change in the way people thought.
The Creation of Adam
is perhaps the most
famous section of
Michelangelo's Sistine
Chapel ceiling.

To understand the beginnings of the Renaissance, you
must go back to the fall of the Roman Empire.

For 1 000 years before Rome fell, it ruled most of
Europe, bringing advancements in technology,
learning and government.

Once Rome fell to invaders in 542AD, Western
Europe fell into a period known as the Middle Ages.
Society regressed (returned to a less developed state)
 People did not venture far from their small villages.


Local lords ruled by force and intimidation.

Learning took place only in religious houses.

Europeans grew up ignorant, illiterate, and
superstitious.

They lived in miserable conditions.

They had little hope of improving their lives.

Their main goal in life was finding eternal salvation.

They thought that suffering on Earth was necessary in order
to reach Heaven.

Humanism was based on the belief that we all had a
purpose on Earth.

It wasn`t just a miserable pit-stop on the way to Heaven.

They believed that life should be enjoyed.

They believed that our accomplishments were
important and defined who we were.

Artists, princes, writers, priests, and merchants
supported this movement.

At the start of the Renaissance, Italy was divided up into a
number of powerful city-states with its own government.

Florence was a wealthy city-state that elected its leaders
(republic).

In the late 1300s, Florence had become a rich city.

Wealthy merchants and businessmen had the
money to hire artisans.

Art began to flourish and new thoughts began to
emerge.

1434 - The Medici family becomes the head of Florence.

They were powerful, wealthy bankers.

They sponsored many artists and using their personal
money to promote the humanist movement.

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New techniques in art created astounding works of art.
A technique known as Perspective made scenes
appear three dimensional.

Careful shading make objects look round and real, rather
than flat.

Using human models helped artists portray the human
body far more accurately than in Medieval art.
Detail of: Baptism of Christ by Andrea del
Verrocchio and Leonardo da Vinci
Andrea Mantegna Italian, 1431-1506,
Renaissance Painter.

Renaissance art
glorified the human
body.

It placed importance of
the individual (ordinary
people) and was
secular (not religious).

Leonardo da Vinci,
Raphael, Michelangelo,
and Donatello were the
4 great masters of
Renaissance art.
Donatello: Annunciation c. 1435

Artists turned to the classics of Ancient Greece and Rome for
inspirations.
Giambologna: Hercules Beating the
Centaur Nessus, 1599
Madonna and Child
Gerard David
1490
Oil on panel
Berlin, Staatliche Museen
Madonna and Child attributed to
Adrien Ysenbrandt (Isenbrant)

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Early Medieval art was Romanesque style.
These paintings have unrealistic features
(disproportionate) and showed no emotion.
Religious

By 1100 AD, Medieval art had become Gothic.

Gothic architecture had pointed arches on buildings

Gothic art had more realistic features (realism) and
some emotion.
Cimabue,
Santa Trinita Madonna,
Florence,
Early 14th Century,
Giotto

During the Middle Ages, European Cathedrals
and churches used Gothic architecture.

Scholars began to spread
scientific knowledge
throughout Europe.

Church opposed this!
(against it).
Kepler discovered that the planetary orbits
were elliptical.

Humanists began sending their children to schools
that taught humanist ideas.

They were taught poetry, history, and public speaking.
Aristotle
Plato

Europeans began to question the Church‘s actions.

At the time, the Church controlled all aspects of our
lives.

Humanists believed:
a)
people were able to reason well
on their own
b)
Church should not control or
brainwash us.
c)
We should have the right to
individual freedom of thought.
Galileo and Freedom of
Thought
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
d) God should not be our central concern.
e) preached for tolerance and peace (against religious
wars).

Johannes Gutenberg (inventor)

Books were now affordable.

Spread new “humanist” ideas (Europe).

Church taught that the Earth was flat and that it was
at the center of the universe!

Church rejected & forbade any teachings that did not
agree with its own.

Scientists learned about human anatomy by
dissecting corpses (Church forbade this!).

This lead to progress in medicine.

Martin Luther started a movement to reform (make
big changes) the Catholic Church.

He believed it had become too rich, powerful and
corrupt.

Luther was furious that the
Church sold indulgences.

Catholics believed they would
be saved if they simply bought
an indulgence.

The Church gave this “note” to any “sinner” who gave
money to them in exchange for forgiveness and eternal
salvation.

The money was used to pay for building projects (ex: St.
Peter's Basilica).

Luther saw this as deceptive, dishonest, abusive and
corrupt.

In 1517, Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses
(complaints) onto the wooden doors of a church.

This letter infuriates the pope.
1.
Good works (charitable acts) does not save
us. He pointed out that only Christ can save
those who believe in Him.
2.
The Bible is the living true authority of God,
not the Pope.
3. People can read and interpret the bible for
themselves.
4. Indulgences were useless, fraudulent, and
unnecessary.
5. God created all people equally.
6. Worshiping God should be done through praise
and singing.
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In1520, Luther excommunicated by Pope.

In 1521, Luther condemned as heretic and outlaw of
the Church by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

His life was spared.

Frederick the Wise, of Saxony,
made a deal with the Church
that would allow Luther's safe
passage to his home at
Wartburg Castle.

He re-wrote the bible in
German.

In 1545, Pope Paul III assembled a council Trent to
discuss how to deal with Protestant movement.

The Council of Trent was set up to deal with the
protestant movement.

Pope Paul III saw that this movement was spreading.

More and more Europeans supported its ideas and
left the Catholic Church.

The pope banded together a council for mainly 2
reasons:
1.
To stop the spread of Protestant ideas and to support the
Catholic Church's own ideas.
2.
To change the actions of church leaders that damaged or
hurt the Catholic Church's ideas and image.

Priests had to be supervised and educated in
colleges.
Southwark
Cathedral in London
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The Church reaffirmed (state
again as a fact) the importance of
faith and “good works” in
salvation.

It continued selling Indulgences

It stated the importance of
pilgrimages and the profound
respect of saints, relics, and of
the Virgin Mary.

Created new religious orders like the Jesuits.

Jesuits were educated priests that taught and spread
the Catholic faith throughout the world.

Published an Official Latin Bible.
The
church's interpretation (explanation) of the Bible
was final.
Those
that did not agree with it were tried as heretics by
the Inquisition.
The
Inquisition was a formal court set up by the Church
to try people accused of not following the teachings of the
Church.

It had the power to torture and execute the accused,
who had no rights to a fair trial.

Protestants were considered heretics.

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In 1567 St. Pius V canceled all grants of indulgences
involving any fees or other financial transactions.
The church made a list of banned books.
These “BAD” books were listed in THE INDEX.
A grant is a sum of money given by an organization
for a particular purpose.
Enthusiasm was revived for the Roman Catholic
Church.
 The highly-educated Jesuits challenged Protestant
preachers.
 The Protestant movement was weakened.
